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  13. <head>
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  14. <title>Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation</title>
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    43. 

  43. 

  44. <a name="Top"></a>
    45. 

  45. <a name="SEC_Top"></a>
    46. 

  46. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    47. 

  47. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    48. 

  48. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    49. 

  49. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    50. 

  50. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    51. 

  51. </tr></table>
    52. 

  52. <h1 class="settitle">Tiny C Compiler Reference Documentation</h1>
    53. 

  53. 

  54. <p>This manual documents version  of the Tiny C Compiler.
    55. 

  55. </p>
    56. 

  56. <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
    57. 

  57. <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC1">1. Introduction</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                Introduction to tcc.
    58. 

  58. </td></tr>
    59. 

  59. <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC2">2. Command line invocation</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                      Invocation of tcc (command line, options).
    60. 

  60. </td></tr>
    61. 

  61. <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC5">3. C language support</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                       ANSI C and extensions.
    62. 

  62. </td></tr>
    63. 

  63. <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC10">4. TinyCC Assembler</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                         Assembler syntax.
    64. 

  64. </td></tr>
    65. 

  65. <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                      Output file generation and supported targets.
    66. 

  66. </td></tr>
    67. 

  67. <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                      Automatic bounds-checking of C code.
    68. 

  68. </td></tr>
    69. 

  69. <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC22">7. The <code>libtcc</code> library</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                      The libtcc library.
    70. 

  70. </td></tr>
    71. 

  71. <tr><td align="left" valign="top"><a href="#SEC23">8. Developer's guide</a></td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">                       Guide for Developers.
    72. 

  72. </td></tr>
    73. 

  73. </table>
    74. 

  74. 

  75. 

  76. <hr size="1">
    77. 

  77. <a name="Introduction"></a>
    78. 

  78. <a name="SEC1"></a>
    79. 

  79. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    80. 

  80. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    81. 

  81. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    82. 

  82. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    83. 

  83. <td valign="middle" align="left">[ &lt;&lt; ]</td>
    84. 

  84. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    85. 

  85. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    86. 

  86. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    87. 

  87. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    88. 

  88. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    89. 

  89. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    90. 

  90. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    91. 

  91. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    92. 

  92. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    93. 

  93. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    94. 

  94. </tr></table>
    95. 

  95. <h1 class="chapter"> 1. Introduction </h1>
    96. 

  96. 

  97. <p>TinyCC (aka TCC) is a small but hyper fast C compiler. Unlike other C
    98. 

  98. compilers, it is meant to be self-relying: you do not need an
    99. 

  99. external assembler or linker because TCC does that for you.
    100. 

  100. </p>
    101. 

  101. <p>TCC compiles so <em>fast</em> that even for big projects <code>Makefile</code>s may
    102. 

  102. not be necessary.
    103. 

  103. </p>
    104. 

  104. <p>TCC not only supports ANSI C, but also most of the new ISO C99
    105. 

  105. standard and many GNUC extensions including inline assembly.
    106. 

  106. </p>
    107. 

  107. <p>TCC can also be used to make <em>C scripts</em>, i.e. pieces of C source
    108. 

  108. that you run as a Perl or Python script. Compilation is so fast that
    109. 

  109. your script will be as fast as if it was an executable.
    110. 

  110. </p>
    111. 

  111. <p>TCC can also automatically generate memory and bound checks
    112. 

  112. (see section <a href="#SEC21">TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a>) while allowing all C pointers operations. TCC can do
    113. 

  113. these checks even if non patched libraries are used.
    114. 

  114. </p>
    115. 

  115. <p>With <code>libtcc</code>, you can use TCC as a backend for dynamic code
    116. 

  116. generation (see section <a href="#SEC22">The <code>libtcc</code> library</a>).
    117. 

  117. </p>
    118. 

  118. <p>TCC mainly supports the i386 target on Linux and Windows. There are alpha
    119. 

  119. ports for the ARM (<code>arm-tcc</code>) and the TMS320C67xx targets
    120. 

  120. (<code>c67-tcc</code>). More information about the ARM port is available at
    121. 

  121. <a href="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/tinycc-devel/2003-10/msg00044.html">http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/tinycc-devel/2003-10/msg00044.html</a>.
    122. 

  122. </p>
    123. 

  123. <p>For usage on Windows, see also tcc-win32.txt.
    124. 

  124. </p>
    125. 

  125. <hr size="6">
    126. 

  126. <a name="Invoke"></a>
    127. 

  127. <a name="SEC2"></a>
    128. 

  128. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    129. 

  129. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC1" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    130. 

  130. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC3" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    131. 

  131. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    132. 

  132. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC1" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    133. 

  133. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    134. 

  134. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
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  135. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    136. 

  136. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
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  137. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    138. 

  138. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    139. 

  139. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    140. 

  140. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    141. 

  141. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    142. 

  142. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    143. 

  143. </tr></table>
    144. 

  144. <h1 class="chapter"> 2. Command line invocation </h1>
    145. 

  145. 

  146. <hr size="6">
    147. 

  147. <a name="SEC3"></a>
    148. 

  148. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    149. 

  149. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    150. 

  150. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC4" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    151. 

  151. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    152. 

  152. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    153. 

  153. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    154. 

  154. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    155. 

  155. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    156. 

  156. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    157. 

  157. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    158. 

  158. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    159. 

  159. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    160. 

  160. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    161. 

  161. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    162. 

  162. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    163. 

  163. </tr></table>
    164. 

  164. <h2 class="section"> 2.1 Quick start </h2>
    165. 

  165. 

  166. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">usage: tcc [options] [<var>infile1</var> <var>infile2</var>&hellip;] [&lsquo;<samp>-run</samp>&rsquo; <var>infile</var> <var>args</var>&hellip;]
    167. 

  167. </pre></td></tr></table>
    168. 

  168. 

  169. <p>TCC options are a very much like gcc options. The main difference is that TCC
    170. 

  170. can also execute directly the resulting program and give it runtime
    171. 

  171. arguments.
    172. 

  172. </p>
    173. 

  173. <p>Here are some examples to understand the logic:
    174. 

  174. </p>
    175. 

  175. <dl compact="compact">
    176. 

  176. <dt> <code>&lsquo;<samp>tcc -run a.c</samp>&rsquo;</code></dt>
    177. 

  177. <dd><p>Compile &lsquo;<tt>a.c</tt>&rsquo; and execute it directly
    178. 

  178. </p>
    179. 

  179. </dd>
    180. 

  180. <dt> <code>&lsquo;<samp>tcc -run a.c arg1</samp>&rsquo;</code></dt>
    181. 

  181. <dd><p>Compile a.c and execute it directly. arg1 is given as first argument to
    182. 

  182. the <code>main()</code> of a.c.
    183. 

  183. </p>
    184. 

  184. </dd>
    185. 

  185. <dt> <code>&lsquo;<samp>tcc a.c -run b.c arg1</samp>&rsquo;</code></dt>
    186. 

  186. <dd><p>Compile &lsquo;<tt>a.c</tt>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<tt>b.c</tt>&rsquo;, link them together and execute them. arg1 is given
    187. 

  187. as first argument to the <code>main()</code> of the resulting program. 
    188. 

  188. </p>
    189. 

  189. </dd>
    190. 

  190. <dt> <code>&lsquo;<samp>tcc -o myprog a.c b.c</samp>&rsquo;</code></dt>
    191. 

  191. <dd><p>Compile &lsquo;<tt>a.c</tt>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<tt>b.c</tt>&rsquo;, link them and generate the executable &lsquo;<tt>myprog</tt>&rsquo;.
    192. 

  192. </p>
    193. 

  193. </dd>
    194. 

  194. <dt> <code>&lsquo;<samp>tcc -o myprog a.o b.o</samp>&rsquo;</code></dt>
    195. 

  195. <dd><p>link &lsquo;<tt>a.o</tt>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<tt>b.o</tt>&rsquo; together and generate the executable &lsquo;<tt>myprog</tt>&rsquo;.
    196. 

  196. </p>
    197. 

  197. </dd>
    198. 

  198. <dt> <code>&lsquo;<samp>tcc -c a.c</samp>&rsquo;</code></dt>
    199. 

  199. <dd><p>Compile &lsquo;<tt>a.c</tt>&rsquo; and generate object file &lsquo;<tt>a.o</tt>&rsquo;.
    200. 

  200. </p>
    201. 

  201. </dd>
    202. 

  202. <dt> <code>&lsquo;<samp>tcc -c asmfile.S</samp>&rsquo;</code></dt>
    203. 

  203. <dd><p>Preprocess with C preprocess and assemble &lsquo;<tt>asmfile.S</tt>&rsquo; and generate
    204. 

  204. object file &lsquo;<tt>asmfile.o</tt>&rsquo;.
    205. 

  205. </p>
    206. 

  206. </dd>
    207. 

  207. <dt> <code>&lsquo;<samp>tcc -c asmfile.s</samp>&rsquo;</code></dt>
    208. 

  208. <dd><p>Assemble (but not preprocess) &lsquo;<tt>asmfile.s</tt>&rsquo; and generate object file
    209. 

  209. &lsquo;<tt>asmfile.o</tt>&rsquo;.
    210. 

  210. </p>
    211. 

  211. </dd>
    212. 

  212. <dt> <code>&lsquo;<samp>tcc -r -o ab.o a.c b.c</samp>&rsquo;</code></dt>
    213. 

  213. <dd><p>Compile &lsquo;<tt>a.c</tt>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<tt>b.c</tt>&rsquo;, link them together and generate the object file &lsquo;<tt>ab.o</tt>&rsquo;.
    214. 

  214. </p>
    215. 

  215. </dd>
    216. 

  216. </dl>
    217. 

  217. 

  218. <p>Scripting:
    219. 

  219. </p>
    220. 

  220. <p>TCC can be invoked from <em>scripts</em>, just as shell scripts. You just
    221. 

  221. need to add <code>#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run</code> at the start of your C source:
    222. 

  222. </p>
    223. 

  223. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run
    224. 

  224. #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
    225. 

  225. 

  226. int main() 
    227. 

  227. {
    228. 

  228.     printf(&quot;Hello World\n&quot;);
    229. 

  229.     return 0;
    230. 

  230. }
    231. 

  231. </pre></td></tr></table>
    232. 

  232. 

  233. <p>TCC can read C source code from <em>standard input</em> when &lsquo;<samp>-</samp>&rsquo; is used in 
    234. 

  234. place of &lsquo;<samp>infile</samp>&rsquo;. Example:
    235. 

  235. </p>
    236. 

  236. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">echo 'main(){puts(&quot;hello&quot;);}' | tcc -run -
    237. 

  237. </pre></td></tr></table>
    238. 

  238. 

  239. <hr size="6">
    240. 

  240. <a name="SEC4"></a>
    241. 

  241. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    242. 

  242. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC3" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    243. 

  243. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    244. 

  244. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    245. 

  245. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    246. 

  246. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    247. 

  247. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    248. 

  248. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    249. 

  249. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    250. 

  250. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    251. 

  251. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    252. 

  252. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    253. 

  253. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    254. 

  254. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    255. 

  255. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    256. 

  256. </tr></table>
    257. 

  257. <h2 class="section"> 2.2 Option summary </h2>
    258. 

  258. 

  259. <p>General Options:
    260. 

  260. </p>
    261. 

  261. <dl compact="compact">
    262. 

  262. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-v</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    263. 

  263. <dd><p>Display current TCC version, increase verbosity.
    264. 

  264. </p>
    265. 

  265. </dd>
    266. 

  266. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-c</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    267. 

  267. <dd><p>Generate an object file (&lsquo;<samp>-o</samp>&rsquo; option must also be given).
    268. 

  268. </p>
    269. 

  269. </dd>
    270. 

  270. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-o outfile</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    271. 

  271. <dd><p>Put object file, executable, or dll into output file &lsquo;<tt>outfile</tt>&rsquo;.
    272. 

  272. </p>
    273. 

  273. </dd>
    274. 

  274. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-Bdir</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    275. 

  275. <dd><p>Set the path where the tcc internal libraries can be found (default is
    276. 

  276. &lsquo;<tt>PREFIX/lib/tcc</tt>&rsquo;).
    277. 

  277. </p>
    278. 

  278. </dd>
    279. 

  279. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-bench</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    280. 

  280. <dd><p>Output compilation statistics.
    281. 

  281. </p>
    282. 

  282. </dd>
    283. 

  283. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-run source [args...]</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    284. 

  284. <dd><p>Compile file <var>source</var> and run it with the command line arguments
    285. 

  285. <var>args</var>. In order to be able to give more than one argument to a
    286. 

  286. script, several TCC options can be given <em>after</em> the
    287. 

  287. &lsquo;<samp>-run</samp>&rsquo; option, separated by spaces. Example:
    288. 

  288. </p>
    289. 

  289. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">tcc &quot;-run -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11&quot; ex4.c
    290. 

  290. </pre></td></tr></table>
    291. 

  291. 

  292. <p>In a script, it gives the following header:
    293. 

  293. </p>
    294. 

  294. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">#!/usr/local/bin/tcc -run -L/usr/X11R6/lib -lX11
    295. 

  295. #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
    296. 

  296. int main(int argc, char **argv)
    297. 

  297. {
    298. 

  298.     ...
    299. 

  299. }
    300. 

  300. </pre></td></tr></table>
    301. 

  301. 

  302. </dd>
    303. 

  303. </dl>
    304. 

  304. 

  305. <p>Preprocessor options:
    306. 

  306. </p>
    307. 

  307. <dl compact="compact">
    308. 

  308. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-Idir</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    309. 

  309. <dd><p>Specify an additional include path. Include paths are searched in the
    310. 

  310. order they are specified.
    311. 

  311. </p>
    312. 

  312. <p>System include paths are always searched after. The default system
    313. 

  313. include paths are: &lsquo;<tt>/usr/local/include</tt>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<tt>/usr/include</tt>&rsquo;
    314. 

  314. and &lsquo;<tt>PREFIX/lib/tcc/include</tt>&rsquo;. (&lsquo;<tt>PREFIX</tt>&rsquo; is usually
    315. 

  315. &lsquo;<tt>/usr</tt>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<tt>/usr/local</tt>&rsquo;).
    316. 

  316. </p>
    317. 

  317. </dd>
    318. 

  318. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-Dsym[=val]</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    319. 

  319. <dd><p>Define preprocessor symbol &lsquo;<samp>sym</samp>&rsquo; to
    320. 

  320. val. If val is not present, its value is &lsquo;<samp>1</samp>&rsquo;. Function-like macros can
    321. 

  321. also be defined: &lsquo;<samp>-DF(a)=a+1</samp>&rsquo;
    322. 

  322. </p>
    323. 

  323. </dd>
    324. 

  324. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-Usym</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    325. 

  325. <dd><p>Undefine preprocessor symbol &lsquo;<samp>sym</samp>&rsquo;.
    326. 

  326. </p></dd>
    327. 

  327. </dl>
    328. 

  328. 

  329. <p>Compilation flags:
    330. 

  330. </p>
    331. 

  331. <p>Note: each of the following warning options has a negative form beginning with
    332. 

  332. &lsquo;<samp>-fno-</samp>&rsquo;.
    333. 

  333. </p>
    334. 

  334. <dl compact="compact">
    335. 

  335. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-funsigned-char</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    336. 

  336. <dd><p>Let the <code>char</code> type be unsigned.
    337. 

  337. </p>
    338. 

  338. </dd>
    339. 

  339. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-fsigned-char</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    340. 

  340. <dd><p>Let the <code>char</code> type be signed.
    341. 

  341. </p>
    342. 

  342. </dd>
    343. 

  343. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-fno-common</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    344. 

  344. <dd><p>Do not generate common symbols for uninitialized data.
    345. 

  345. </p>
    346. 

  346. </dd>
    347. 

  347. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-fleading-underscore</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    348. 

  348. <dd><p>Add a leading underscore at the beginning of each C symbol.
    349. 

  349. </p>
    350. 

  350. </dd>
    351. 

  351. </dl>
    352. 

  352. 

  353. <p>Warning options:
    354. 

  354. </p>
    355. 

  355. <dl compact="compact">
    356. 

  356. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-w</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    357. 

  357. <dd><p>Disable all warnings.
    358. 

  358. </p>
    359. 

  359. </dd>
    360. 

  360. </dl>
    361. 

  361. 

  362. <p>Note: each of the following warning options has a negative form beginning with
    363. 

  363. &lsquo;<samp>-Wno-</samp>&rsquo;.
    364. 

  364. </p>
    365. 

  365. <dl compact="compact">
    366. 

  366. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-Wimplicit-function-declaration</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    367. 

  367. <dd><p>Warn about implicit function declaration.
    368. 

  368. </p>
    369. 

  369. </dd>
    370. 

  370. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-Wunsupported</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    371. 

  371. <dd><p>Warn about unsupported GCC features that are ignored by TCC.
    372. 

  372. </p>
    373. 

  373. </dd>
    374. 

  374. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-Wwrite-strings</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    375. 

  375. <dd><p>Make string constants be of type <code>const char *</code> instead of <code>char
    376. 

  376. *</code>.
    377. 

  377. </p>
    378. 

  378. </dd>
    379. 

  379. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-Werror</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    380. 

  380. <dd><p>Abort compilation if warnings are issued.
    381. 

  381. </p>
    382. 

  382. </dd>
    383. 

  383. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-Wall</samp>&rsquo; </dt>
    384. 

  384. <dd><p>Activate all warnings, except &lsquo;<samp>-Werror</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-Wunusupported</samp>&rsquo; and
    385. 

  385. &lsquo;<samp>-Wwrite-strings</samp>&rsquo;.
    386. 

  386. </p>
    387. 

  387. </dd>
    388. 

  388. </dl>
    389. 

  389. 

  390. <p>Linker options:
    391. 

  391. </p>
    392. 

  392. <dl compact="compact">
    393. 

  393. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-Ldir</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    394. 

  394. <dd><p>Specify an additional static library path for the &lsquo;<samp>-l</samp>&rsquo; option. The
    395. 

  395. default library paths are &lsquo;<tt>/usr/local/lib</tt>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<tt>/usr/lib</tt>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<tt>/lib</tt>&rsquo;.
    396. 

  396. </p>
    397. 

  397. </dd>
    398. 

  398. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-lxxx</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    399. 

  399. <dd><p>Link your program with dynamic library libxxx.so or static library
    400. 

  400. libxxx.a. The library is searched in the paths specified by the
    401. 

  401. &lsquo;<samp>-L</samp>&rsquo; option.
    402. 

  402. </p>
    403. 

  403. </dd>
    404. 

  404. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-shared</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    405. 

  405. <dd><p>Generate a shared library instead of an executable (&lsquo;<samp>-o</samp>&rsquo; option
    406. 

  406. must also be given).
    407. 

  407. </p>
    408. 

  408. </dd>
    409. 

  409. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-static</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    410. 

  410. <dd><p>Generate a statically linked executable (default is a shared linked
    411. 

  411. executable) (&lsquo;<samp>-o</samp>&rsquo; option must also be given).
    412. 

  412. </p>
    413. 

  413. </dd>
    414. 

  414. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-rdynamic</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    415. 

  415. <dd><p>Export global symbols to the dynamic linker. It is useful when a library
    416. 

  416. opened with <code>dlopen()</code> needs to access executable symbols.
    417. 

  417. </p>
    418. 

  418. </dd>
    419. 

  419. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-r</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    420. 

  420. <dd><p>Generate an object file combining all input files (&lsquo;<samp>-o</samp>&rsquo; option must
    421. 

  421. also be given).
    422. 

  422. </p>
    423. 

  423. </dd>
    424. 

  424. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-Wl,-Ttext,address</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    425. 

  425. <dd><p>Set the start of the .text section to <var>address</var>.
    426. 

  426. </p>
    427. 

  427. </dd>
    428. 

  428. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-Wl,--oformat,fmt</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    429. 

  429. <dd><p>Use <var>fmt</var> as output format. The supported output formats are:
    430. 

  430. </p><dl compact="compact">
    431. 

  431. <dt> <code>elf32-i386</code></dt>
    432. 

  432. <dd><p>ELF output format (default)
    433. 

  433. </p></dd>
    434. 

  434. <dt> <code>binary</code></dt>
    435. 

  435. <dd><p>Binary image (only for executable output)
    436. 

  436. </p></dd>
    437. 

  437. <dt> <code>coff</code></dt>
    438. 

  438. <dd><p>COFF output format (only for executable output for TMS320C67xx target)
    439. 

  439. </p></dd>
    440. 

  440. </dl>
    441. 

  441. 

  442. </dd>
    443. 

  443. </dl>
    444. 

  444. 

  445. <p>Debugger options:
    446. 

  446. </p>
    447. 

  447. <dl compact="compact">
    448. 

  448. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-g</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    449. 

  449. <dd><p>Generate run time debug information so that you get clear run time
    450. 

  450. error messages: <code> test.c:68: in function 'test5()': dereferencing
    451. 

  451. invalid pointer</code> instead of the laconic <code>Segmentation
    452. 

  452. fault</code>.
    453. 

  453. </p>
    454. 

  454. </dd>
    455. 

  455. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-b</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    456. 

  456. <dd><p>Generate additional support code to check
    457. 

  457. memory allocations and array/pointer bounds. &lsquo;<samp>-g</samp>&rsquo; is implied. Note
    458. 

  458. that the generated code is slower and bigger in this case.
    459. 

  459. </p>
    460. 

  460. </dd>
    461. 

  461. <dt> &lsquo;<samp>-bt N</samp>&rsquo;</dt>
    462. 

  462. <dd><p>Display N callers in stack traces. This is useful with &lsquo;<samp>-g</samp>&rsquo; or
    463. 

  463. &lsquo;<samp>-b</samp>&rsquo;.
    464. 

  464. </p>
    465. 

  465. </dd>
    466. 

  466. </dl>
    467. 

  467. 

  468. <p>Note: GCC options &lsquo;<samp>-Ox</samp>&rsquo;, &lsquo;<samp>-fx</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>-mx</samp>&rsquo; are
    469. 

  469. ignored.
    470. 

  470. </p>
    471. 

  471. 

  472. <hr size="6">
    473. 

  473. <a name="Clang"></a>
    474. 

  474. <a name="SEC5"></a>
    475. 

  475. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    476. 

  476. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC4" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    477. 

  477. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC6" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    478. 

  478. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    479. 

  479. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC2" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    480. 

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    481. 

  481. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    482. 

  482. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    483. 

  483. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    484. 

  484. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    485. 

  485. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    486. 

  486. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    487. 

  487. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    488. 

  488. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    489. 

  489. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    490. 

  490. </tr></table>
    491. 

  491. <h1 class="chapter"> 3. C language support </h1>
    492. 

  492. 

  493. <hr size="6">
    494. 

  494. <a name="SEC6"></a>
    495. 

  495. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    496. 

  496. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    497. 

  497. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC7" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    498. 

  498. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    499. 

  499. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    500. 

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    501. 

  501. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    502. 

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    503. 

  503. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    504. 

  504. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    505. 

  505. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    506. 

  506. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    507. 

  507. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    508. 

  508. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    509. 

  509. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    510. 

  510. </tr></table>
    511. 

  511. <h2 class="section"> 3.1 ANSI C </h2>
    512. 

  512. 

  513. <p>TCC implements all the ANSI C standard, including structure bit fields
    514. 

  514. and floating point numbers (<code>long double</code>, <code>double</code>, and
    515. 

  515. <code>float</code> fully supported).
    516. 

  516. </p>
    517. 

  517. <hr size="6">
    518. 

  518. <a name="SEC7"></a>
    519. 

  519. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    520. 

  520. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC6" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    521. 

  521. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC8" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    522. 

  522. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    523. 

  523. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    524. 

  524. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    525. 

  525. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    526. 

  526. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    527. 

  527. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    528. 

  528. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    529. 

  529. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    530. 

  530. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    531. 

  531. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    532. 

  532. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    533. 

  533. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    534. 

  534. </tr></table>
    535. 

  535. <h2 class="section"> 3.2 ISOC99 extensions </h2>
    536. 

  536. 

  537. <p>TCC implements many features of the new C standard: ISO C99. Currently
    538. 

  538. missing items are: complex and imaginary numbers and variable length
    539. 

  539. arrays.
    540. 

  540. </p>
    541. 

  541. <p>Currently implemented ISOC99 features:
    542. 

  542. </p>
    543. 

  543. <ul class="toc">
    544. 

  544. <li> 64 bit <code>long long</code> types are fully supported.
    545. 

  545. 

  546. </li><li> The boolean type <code>_Bool</code> is supported.
    547. 

  547. 

  548. </li><li> <code>__func__</code> is a string variable containing the current
    549. 

  549. function name.
    550. 

  550. 

  551. </li><li> Variadic macros: <code>__VA_ARGS__</code> can be used for
    552. 

  552.    function-like macros:
    553. 

  553. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">    #define dprintf(level, __VA_ARGS__) printf(__VA_ARGS__)
    554. 

  554. </pre></td></tr></table>
    555. 

  555. 

  556. <p><code>dprintf</code> can then be used with a variable number of parameters.
    557. 

  557. </p>
    558. 

  558. </li><li> Declarations can appear anywhere in a block (as in C++).
    559. 

  559. 

  560. </li><li> Array and struct/union elements can be initialized in any order by
    561. 

  561.   using designators:
    562. 

  562. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">    struct { int x, y; } st[10] = { [0].x = 1, [0].y = 2 };
    563. 

  563. 

  564.     int tab[10] = { 1, 2, [5] = 5, [9] = 9};
    565. 

  565. </pre></td></tr></table>
    566. 

  566.     
    567. 

  567. </li><li> Compound initializers are supported:
    568. 

  568. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">    int *p = (int []){ 1, 2, 3 };
    569. 

  569. </pre></td></tr></table>
    570. 

  570. <p>to initialize a pointer pointing to an initialized array. The same
    571. 

  571. works for structures and strings.
    572. 

  572. </p>
    573. 

  573. </li><li> Hexadecimal floating point constants are supported:
    574. 

  574. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">          double d = 0x1234p10;
    575. 

  575. </pre></td></tr></table>
    576. 

  576. 

  577. <p>is the same as writing 
    578. 

  578. </p><table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">          double d = 4771840.0;
    579. 

  579. </pre></td></tr></table>
    580. 

  580. 

  581. </li><li> <code>inline</code> keyword is ignored.
    582. 

  582. 

  583. </li><li> <code>restrict</code> keyword is ignored.
    584. 

  584. </li></ul>
    585. 

  585. 

  586. <hr size="6">
    587. 

  587. <a name="SEC8"></a>
    588. 

  588. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    589. 

  589. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC7" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    590. 

  590. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC9" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    591. 

  591. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    592. 

  592. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    593. 

  593. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    594. 

  594. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    595. 

  595. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    596. 

  596. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    597. 

  597. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    598. 

  598. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    599. 

  599. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    600. 

  600. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    601. 

  601. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    602. 

  602. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    603. 

  603. </tr></table>
    604. 

  604. <h2 class="section"> 3.3 GNU C extensions </h2>
    605. 

  605. 

  606. <p>TCC implements some GNU C extensions:
    607. 

  607. </p>
    608. 

  608. <ul class="toc">
    609. 

  609. <li> array designators can be used without '=': 
    610. 

  610. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">    int a[10] = { [0] 1, [5] 2, 3, 4 };
    611. 

  611. </pre></td></tr></table>
    612. 

  612. 

  613. </li><li> Structure field designators can be a label: 
    614. 

  614. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">    struct { int x, y; } st = { x: 1, y: 1};
    615. 

  615. </pre></td></tr></table>
    616. 

  616. <p>instead of
    617. 

  617. </p><table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">    struct { int x, y; } st = { .x = 1, .y = 1};
    618. 

  618. </pre></td></tr></table>
    619. 

  619. 

  620. </li><li> <code>\e</code> is ASCII character 27.
    621. 

  621. 

  622. </li><li> case ranges : ranges can be used in <code>case</code>s:
    623. 

  623. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">    switch(a) {
    624. 

  624.     case 1 &hellip; 9:
    625. 

  625.           printf(&quot;range 1 to 9\n&quot;);
    626. 

  626.           break;
    627. 

  627.     default:
    628. 

  628.           printf(&quot;unexpected\n&quot;);
    629. 

  629.           break;
    630. 

  630.     }
    631. 

  631. </pre></td></tr></table>
    632. 

  632. 

  633. <a name="IDX1"></a>
    634. 

  634. <a name="IDX2"></a>
    635. 

  635. <a name="IDX3"></a>
    636. 

  636. <a name="IDX4"></a>
    637. 

  637. <a name="IDX5"></a>
    638. 

  638. <a name="IDX6"></a>
    639. 

  639. <a name="IDX7"></a>
    640. 

  640. <a name="IDX8"></a>
    641. 

  641. 

  642. </li><li> The keyword <code>__attribute__</code> is handled to specify variable or
    643. 

  643. function attributes. The following attributes are supported:
    644. 

  644.   
    645. 

  645. <ul class="toc">
    646. 

  646. <li> <code>aligned(n)</code>: align a variable or a structure field to n bytes
    647. 

  647. (must be a power of two).
    648. 

  648. 

  649.   </li><li> <code>packed</code>: force alignment of a variable or a structure field to
    650. 

  650.   1.
    651. 

  651. 

  652.   </li><li> <code>section(name)</code>: generate function or data in assembly section
    653. 

  653. name (name is a string containing the section name) instead of the default
    654. 

  654. section.
    655. 

  655. 

  656.   </li><li> <code>unused</code>: specify that the variable or the function is unused.
    657. 

  657. 

  658.   </li><li> <code>cdecl</code>: use standard C calling convention (default).
    659. 

  659. 

  660.   </li><li> <code>stdcall</code>: use Pascal-like calling convention.
    661. 

  661. 

  662.   </li><li> <code>regparm(n)</code>: use fast i386 calling convention. <var>n</var> must be
    663. 

  663. between 1 and 3. The first <var>n</var> function parameters are respectively put in
    664. 

  664. registers <code>%eax</code>, <code>%edx</code> and <code>%ecx</code>.
    665. 

  665. 

  666.   </li><li> <code>dllexport</code>: export function from dll/executable (win32 only)
    667. 

  667. 

  668. </li></ul>
    669. 

  669. 

  670. <p>Here are some examples:
    671. 

  671. </p><table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">    int a __attribute__ ((aligned(8), section(&quot;.mysection&quot;)));
    672. 

  672. </pre></td></tr></table>
    673. 

  673. 

  674. <p>align variable <code>a</code> to 8 bytes and put it in section <code>.mysection</code>.
    675. 

  675. </p>
    676. 

  676. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">    int my_add(int a, int b) __attribute__ ((section(&quot;.mycodesection&quot;))) 
    677. 

  677.     {
    678. 

  678.         return a + b;
    679. 

  679.     }
    680. 

  680. </pre></td></tr></table>
    681. 

  681. 

  682. <p>generate function <code>my_add</code> in section <code>.mycodesection</code>.
    683. 

  683. </p>
    684. 

  684. </li><li> GNU style variadic macros:
    685. 

  685. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">    #define dprintf(fmt, args&hellip;) printf(fmt, ## args)
    686. 

  686. 

  687.     dprintf(&quot;no arg\n&quot;);
    688. 

  688.     dprintf(&quot;one arg %d\n&quot;, 1);
    689. 

  689. </pre></td></tr></table>
    690. 

  690. 

  691. </li><li> <code>__FUNCTION__</code> is interpreted as C99 <code>__func__</code> 
    692. 

  692. (so it has not exactly the same semantics as string literal GNUC
    693. 

  693. where it is a string literal).
    694. 

  694. 

  695. </li><li> The <code>__alignof__</code> keyword can be used as <code>sizeof</code> 
    696. 

  696. to get the alignment of a type or an expression.
    697. 

  697. 

  698. </li><li> The <code>typeof(x)</code> returns the type of <code>x</code>. 
    699. 

  699. <code>x</code> is an expression or a type.
    700. 

  700. 

  701. </li><li> Computed gotos: <code>&amp;&amp;label</code> returns a pointer of type 
    702. 

  702. <code>void *</code> on the goto label <code>label</code>. <code>goto *expr</code> can be
    703. 

  703. used to jump on the pointer resulting from <code>expr</code>.
    704. 

  704. 

  705. </li><li> Inline assembly with asm instruction:
    706. 

  706. <a name="IDX9"></a>
    707. 

  707. <a name="IDX10"></a>
    708. 

  708. <a name="IDX11"></a>
    709. 

  709. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">static inline void * my_memcpy(void * to, const void * from, size_t n)
    710. 

  710. {
    711. 

  711. int d0, d1, d2;
    712. 

  712. __asm__ __volatile__(
    713. 

  713.         &quot;rep ; movsl\n\t&quot;
    714. 

  714.         &quot;testb $2,%b4\n\t&quot;
    715. 

  715.         &quot;je 1f\n\t&quot;
    716. 

  716.         &quot;movsw\n&quot;
    717. 

  717.         &quot;1:\ttestb $1,%b4\n\t&quot;
    718. 

  718.         &quot;je 2f\n\t&quot;
    719. 

  719.         &quot;movsb\n&quot;
    720. 

  720.         &quot;2:&quot;
    721. 

  721.         : &quot;=&amp;c&quot; (d0), &quot;=&amp;D&quot; (d1), &quot;=&amp;S&quot; (d2)
    722. 

  722.         :&quot;0&quot; (n/4), &quot;q&quot; (n),&quot;1&quot; ((long) to),&quot;2&quot; ((long) from)
    723. 

  723.         : &quot;memory&quot;);
    724. 

  724. return (to);
    725. 

  725. }
    726. 

  726. </pre></td></tr></table>
    727. 

  727. 

  728. <a name="IDX12"></a>
    729. 

  729. <p>TCC includes its own x86 inline assembler with a <code>gas</code>-like (GNU
    730. 

  730. assembler) syntax. No intermediate files are generated. GCC 3.x named
    731. 

  731. operands are supported.
    732. 

  732. </p>
    733. 

  733. </li><li> <code>__builtin_types_compatible_p()</code> and <code>__builtin_constant_p()</code> 
    734. 

  734. are supported.
    735. 

  735. 

  736. </li><li> <code>#pragma pack</code> is supported for win32 compatibility.
    737. 

  737. 

  738. </li></ul>
    739. 

  739. 

  740. <hr size="6">
    741. 

  741. <a name="SEC9"></a>
    742. 

  742. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    743. 

  743. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC8" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    744. 

  744. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    745. 

  745. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    746. 

  746. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    747. 

  747. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    748. 

  748. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    749. 

  749. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    750. 

  750. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    751. 

  751. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    752. 

  752. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    753. 

  753. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    754. 

  754. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    755. 

  755. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    756. 

  756. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    757. 

  757. </tr></table>
    758. 

  758. <h2 class="section"> 3.4 TinyCC extensions </h2>
    759. 

  759. 

  760. <ul class="toc">
    761. 

  761. <li> <code>__TINYC__</code> is a predefined macro to <code>1</code> to
    762. 

  762. indicate that you use TCC.
    763. 

  763. 

  764. </li><li> <code>#!</code> at the start of a line is ignored to allow scripting.
    765. 

  765. 

  766. </li><li> Binary digits can be entered (<code>0b101</code> instead of
    767. 

  767. <code>5</code>).
    768. 

  768. 

  769. </li><li> <code>__BOUNDS_CHECKING_ON</code> is defined if bound checking is activated.
    770. 

  770. 

  771. </li></ul>
    772. 

  772. 

  773. <hr size="6">
    774. 

  774. <a name="asm"></a>
    775. 

  775. <a name="SEC10"></a>
    776. 

  776. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    777. 

  777. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC9" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    778. 

  778. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC11" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    779. 

  779. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    780. 

  780. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC5" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    781. 

  781. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    782. 

  782. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    783. 

  783. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    784. 

  784. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    785. 

  785. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    786. 

  786. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    787. 

  787. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    788. 

  788. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    789. 

  789. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    790. 

  790. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    791. 

  791. </tr></table>
    792. 

  792. <h1 class="chapter"> 4. TinyCC Assembler </h1>
    793. 

  793. 

  794. <p>Since version 0.9.16, TinyCC integrates its own assembler. TinyCC
    795. 

  795. assembler supports a gas-like syntax (GNU assembler). You can
    796. 

  796. desactivate assembler support if you want a smaller TinyCC executable
    797. 

  797. (the C compiler does not rely on the assembler).
    798. 

  798. </p>
    799. 

  799. <p>TinyCC Assembler is used to handle files with &lsquo;<tt>.S</tt>&rsquo; (C
    800. 

  800. preprocessed assembler) and &lsquo;<tt>.s</tt>&rsquo; extensions. It is also used to
    801. 

  801. handle the GNU inline assembler with the <code>asm</code> keyword.
    802. 

  802. </p>
    803. 

  803. <hr size="6">
    804. 

  804. <a name="SEC11"></a>
    805. 

  805. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    806. 

  806. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    807. 

  807. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC12" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    808. 

  808. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    809. 

  809. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    810. 

  810. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    811. 

  811. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    812. 

  812. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    813. 

  813. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    814. 

  814. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    815. 

  815. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    816. 

  816. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    817. 

  817. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    818. 

  818. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    819. 

  819. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    820. 

  820. </tr></table>
    821. 

  821. <h2 class="section"> 4.1 Syntax </h2>
    822. 

  822. 

  823. <p>TinyCC Assembler supports most of the gas syntax. The tokens are the
    824. 

  824. same as C.
    825. 

  825. </p>
    826. 

  826. <ul class="toc">
    827. 

  827. <li> C and C++ comments are supported.
    828. 

  828. 

  829. </li><li> Identifiers are the same as C, so you cannot use '.' or '$'.
    830. 

  830. 

  831. </li><li> Only 32 bit integer numbers are supported.
    832. 

  832. 

  833. </li></ul>
    834. 

  834. 

  835. <hr size="6">
    836. 

  836. <a name="SEC12"></a>
    837. 

  837. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    838. 

  838. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC11" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    839. 

  839. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC13" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    840. 

  840. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    841. 

  841. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    842. 

  842. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    843. 

  843. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    844. 

  844. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    845. 

  845. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    846. 

  846. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    847. 

  847. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    848. 

  848. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    849. 

  849. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    850. 

  850. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    851. 

  851. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    852. 

  852. </tr></table>
    853. 

  853. <h2 class="section"> 4.2 Expressions </h2>
    854. 

  854. 

  855. <ul class="toc">
    856. 

  856. <li> Integers in decimal, octal and hexa are supported.
    857. 

  857. 

  858. </li><li> Unary operators: +, -, ~.
    859. 

  859. 

  860. </li><li> Binary operators in decreasing priority order:
    861. 

  861. 

  862. <ol>
    863. 

  863. <li> *, /, %
    864. 

  864. </li><li> &amp;, |, ^
    865. 

  865. </li><li> +, -
    866. 

  866. </li></ol>
    867. 

  867. 

  868. </li><li> A value is either an absolute number or a label plus an offset. 
    869. 

  869. All operators accept absolute values except '+' and '-'. '+' or '-' can be
    870. 

  870. used to add an offset to a label. '-' supports two labels only if they
    871. 

  871. are the same or if they are both defined and in the same section.
    872. 

  872. 

  873. </li></ul>
    874. 

  874. 

  875. <hr size="6">
    876. 

  876. <a name="SEC13"></a>
    877. 

  877. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    878. 

  878. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC12" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    879. 

  879. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC14" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    880. 

  880. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    881. 

  881. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    882. 

  882. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    883. 

  883. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    884. 

  884. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    885. 

  885. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    886. 

  886. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    887. 

  887. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    888. 

  888. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    889. 

  889. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    890. 

  890. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    891. 

  891. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    892. 

  892. </tr></table>
    893. 

  893. <h2 class="section"> 4.3 Labels </h2>
    894. 

  894. 

  895. <ul class="toc">
    896. 

  896. <li> All labels are considered as local, except undefined ones.
    897. 

  897. 

  898. </li><li> Numeric labels can be used as local <code>gas</code>-like labels. 
    899. 

  899. They can be defined several times in the same source. Use 'b'
    900. 

  900. (backward) or 'f' (forward) as suffix to reference them:
    901. 

  901. 

  902. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example"> 1:
    903. 

  903.       jmp 1b /* jump to '1' label before */
    904. 

  904.       jmp 1f /* jump to '1' label after */
    905. 

  905.  1:
    906. 

  906. </pre></td></tr></table>
    907. 

  907. 

  908. </li></ul>
    909. 

  909. 

  910. <hr size="6">
    911. 

  911. <a name="SEC14"></a>
    912. 

  912. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    913. 

  913. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC13" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    914. 

  914. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC15" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    915. 

  915. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    916. 

  916. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    917. 

  917. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    918. 

  918. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    919. 

  919. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    920. 

  920. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    921. 

  921. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    922. 

  922. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    923. 

  923. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    924. 

  924. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    925. 

  925. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    926. 

  926. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    927. 

  927. </tr></table>
    928. 

  928. <h2 class="section"> 4.4 Directives </h2>
    929. 

  929. 

  930. <p>All directives are preceded by a '.'. The following directives are
    931. 

  931. supported:
    932. 

  932. </p>
    933. 

  933. <ul class="toc">
    934. 

  934. <li> .align n[,value]
    935. 

  935. </li><li> .skip n[,value]
    936. 

  936. </li><li> .space n[,value]
    937. 

  937. </li><li> .byte value1[,...]
    938. 

  938. </li><li> .word value1[,...]
    939. 

  939. </li><li> .short value1[,...]
    940. 

  940. </li><li> .int value1[,...]
    941. 

  941. </li><li> .long value1[,...]
    942. 

  942. </li><li> .quad immediate_value1[,...]
    943. 

  943. </li><li> .globl symbol
    944. 

  944. </li><li> .global symbol
    945. 

  945. </li><li> .section section
    946. 

  946. </li><li> .text
    947. 

  947. </li><li> .data
    948. 

  948. </li><li> .bss
    949. 

  949. </li><li> .fill repeat[,size[,value]]
    950. 

  950. </li><li> .org n
    951. 

  951. </li><li> .previous
    952. 

  952. </li><li> .string string[,...]
    953. 

  953. </li><li> .asciz string[,...]
    954. 

  954. </li><li> .ascii string[,...]
    955. 

  955. </li></ul>
    956. 

  956. 

  957. <hr size="6">
    958. 

  958. <a name="SEC15"></a>
    959. 

  959. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    960. 

  960. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC14" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    961. 

  961. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    962. 

  962. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    963. 

  963. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    964. 

  964. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    965. 

  965. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    966. 

  966. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    967. 

  967. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    968. 

  968. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    969. 

  969. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    970. 

  970. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    971. 

  971. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    972. 

  972. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    973. 

  973. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    974. 

  974. </tr></table>
    975. 

  975. <h2 class="section"> 4.5 X86 Assembler </h2>
    976. 

  976. 

  977. <p>All X86 opcodes are supported. Only ATT syntax is supported (source
    978. 

  978. then destination operand order). If no size suffix is given, TinyCC
    979. 

  979. tries to guess it from the operand sizes.
    980. 

  980. </p>
    981. 

  981. <p>Currently, MMX opcodes are supported but not SSE ones.
    982. 

  982. </p>
    983. 

  983. <hr size="6">
    984. 

  984. <a name="linker"></a>
    985. 

  985. <a name="SEC16"></a>
    986. 

  986. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    987. 

  987. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC15" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    988. 

  988. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC17" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    989. 

  989. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    990. 

  990. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC10" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    991. 

  991. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    992. 

  992. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    993. 

  993. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    994. 

  994. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    995. 

  995. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    996. 

  996. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    997. 

  997. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    998. 

  998. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    999. 

  999. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1000. 

  1000. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1001. 

  1001. </tr></table>
    1002. 

  1002. <h1 class="chapter"> 5. TinyCC Linker </h1>
    1003. 

  1003. 

  1004. <hr size="6">
    1005. 

  1005. <a name="SEC17"></a>
    1006. 

  1006. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1007. 

  1007. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1008. 

  1008. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC18" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1009. 

  1009. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1010. 

  1010. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1011. 

  1011. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1012. 

  1012. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1013. 

  1013. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1014. 

  1014. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1015. 

  1015. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1016. 

  1016. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1017. 

  1017. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1018. 

  1018. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1019. 

  1019. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1020. 

  1020. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1021. 

  1021. </tr></table>
    1022. 

  1022. <h2 class="section"> 5.1 ELF file generation </h2>
    1023. 

  1023. 

  1024. <p>TCC can directly output relocatable ELF files (object files),
    1025. 

  1025. executable ELF files and dynamic ELF libraries without relying on an
    1026. 

  1026. external linker.
    1027. 

  1027. </p>
    1028. 

  1028. <p>Dynamic ELF libraries can be output but the C compiler does not generate
    1029. 

  1029. position independent code (PIC). It means that the dynamic library
    1030. 

  1030. code generated by TCC cannot be factorized among processes yet.
    1031. 

  1031. </p>
    1032. 

  1032. <p>TCC linker eliminates unreferenced object code in libraries. A single pass is
    1033. 

  1033. done on the object and library list, so the order in which object files and
    1034. 

  1034. libraries are specified is important (same constraint as GNU ld). No grouping
    1035. 

  1035. options (&lsquo;<samp>--start-group</samp>&rsquo; and &lsquo;<samp>--end-group</samp>&rsquo;) are supported.
    1036. 

  1036. </p>
    1037. 

  1037. <hr size="6">
    1038. 

  1038. <a name="SEC18"></a>
    1039. 

  1039. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1040. 

  1040. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC17" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1041. 

  1041. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC19" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1042. 

  1042. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1043. 

  1043. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1044. 

  1044. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1045. 

  1045. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1046. 

  1046. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1047. 

  1047. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1048. 

  1048. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1049. 

  1049. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1050. 

  1050. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1051. 

  1051. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1052. 

  1052. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1053. 

  1053. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1054. 

  1054. </tr></table>
    1055. 

  1055. <h2 class="section"> 5.2 ELF file loader </h2>
    1056. 

  1056. 

  1057. <p>TCC can load ELF object files, archives (.a files) and dynamic
    1058. 

  1058. libraries (.so).
    1059. 

  1059. </p>
    1060. 

  1060. <hr size="6">
    1061. 

  1061. <a name="SEC19"></a>
    1062. 

  1062. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1063. 

  1063. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC18" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1064. 

  1064. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC20" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1065. 

  1065. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1066. 

  1066. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1067. 

  1067. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1068. 

  1068. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1069. 

  1069. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1070. 

  1070. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1071. 

  1071. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1072. 

  1072. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1073. 

  1073. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1074. 

  1074. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1075. 

  1075. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1076. 

  1076. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1077. 

  1077. </tr></table>
    1078. 

  1078. <h2 class="section"> 5.3 PE-i386 file generation </h2>
    1079. 

  1079. 

  1080. <p>TCC for Windows supports the native Win32 executable file format (PE-i386).  It
    1081. 

  1081. generates EXE files (console and gui) and DLL files.
    1082. 

  1082. </p>
    1083. 

  1083. <p>For usage on Windows, see also tcc-win32.txt.
    1084. 

  1084. </p>
    1085. 

  1085. <hr size="6">
    1086. 

  1086. <a name="SEC20"></a>
    1087. 

  1087. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1088. 

  1088. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC19" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1089. 

  1089. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1090. 

  1090. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1091. 

  1091. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1092. 

  1092. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1093. 

  1093. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1094. 

  1094. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1095. 

  1095. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1096. 

  1096. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1097. 

  1097. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1098. 

  1098. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1099. 

  1099. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1100. 

  1100. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1101. 

  1101. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1102. 

  1102. </tr></table>
    1103. 

  1103. <h2 class="section"> 5.4 GNU Linker Scripts </h2>
    1104. 

  1104. 

  1105. <p>Because on many Linux systems some dynamic libraries (such as
    1106. 

  1106. &lsquo;<tt>/usr/lib/libc.so</tt>&rsquo;) are in fact GNU ld link scripts (horrible!),
    1107. 

  1107. the TCC linker also supports a subset of GNU ld scripts.
    1108. 

  1108. </p>
    1109. 

  1109. <p>The <code>GROUP</code> and <code>FILE</code> commands are supported. <code>OUTPUT_FORMAT</code>
    1110. 

  1110. and <code>TARGET</code> are ignored.
    1111. 

  1111. </p>
    1112. 

  1112. <p>Example from &lsquo;<tt>/usr/lib/libc.so</tt>&rsquo;:
    1113. 

  1113. </p><table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">/* GNU ld script
    1114. 

  1114.    Use the shared library, but some functions are only in
    1115. 

  1115.    the static library, so try that secondarily.  */
    1116. 

  1116. GROUP ( /lib/libc.so.6 /usr/lib/libc_nonshared.a )
    1117. 

  1117. </pre></td></tr></table>
    1118. 

  1118. 

  1119. <hr size="6">
    1120. 

  1120. <a name="Bounds"></a>
    1121. 

  1121. <a name="SEC21"></a>
    1122. 

  1122. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1123. 

  1123. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC20" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1124. 

  1124. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC22" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1125. 

  1125. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1126. 

  1126. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC16" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1127. 

  1127. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1128. 

  1128. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC22" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1129. 

  1129. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1130. 

  1130. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1131. 

  1131. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1132. 

  1132. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1133. 

  1133. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1134. 

  1134. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1135. 

  1135. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1136. 

  1136. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1137. 

  1137. </tr></table>
    1138. 

  1138. <h1 class="chapter"> 6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks </h1>
    1139. 

  1139. 

  1140. <p>This feature is activated with the &lsquo;<samp>-b</samp>&rsquo; (see section <a href="#SEC2">Command line invocation</a>).
    1141. 

  1141. </p>
    1142. 

  1142. <p>Note that pointer size is <em>unchanged</em> and that code generated
    1143. 

  1143. with bound checks is <em>fully compatible</em> with unchecked
    1144. 

  1144. code. When a pointer comes from unchecked code, it is assumed to be
    1145. 

  1145. valid. Even very obscure C code with casts should work correctly.
    1146. 

  1146. </p>
    1147. 

  1147. <p>For more information about the ideas behind this method, see
    1148. 

  1148. <a href="http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html">http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~phjk/BoundsChecking.html</a>.
    1149. 

  1149. </p>
    1150. 

  1150. <p>Here are some examples of caught errors:
    1151. 

  1151. </p>
    1152. 

  1152. <dl compact="compact">
    1153. 

  1153. <dt> Invalid range with standard string function:</dt>
    1154. 

  1154. <dd><table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">{
    1155. 

  1155.     char tab[10];
    1156. 

  1156.     memset(tab, 0, 11);
    1157. 

  1157. }
    1158. 

  1158. </pre></td></tr></table>
    1159. 

  1159. 

  1160. </dd>
    1161. 

  1161. <dt> Out of bounds-error in global or local arrays:</dt>
    1162. 

  1162. <dd><table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">{
    1163. 

  1163.     int tab[10];
    1164. 

  1164.     for(i=0;i&lt;11;i++) {
    1165. 

  1165.         sum += tab[i];
    1166. 

  1166.     }
    1167. 

  1167. }
    1168. 

  1168. </pre></td></tr></table>
    1169. 

  1169. 

  1170. </dd>
    1171. 

  1171. <dt> Out of bounds-error in malloc'ed data:</dt>
    1172. 

  1172. <dd><table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">{
    1173. 

  1173.     int *tab;
    1174. 

  1174.     tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
    1175. 

  1175.     for(i=0;i&lt;21;i++) {
    1176. 

  1176.         sum += tab4[i];
    1177. 

  1177.     }
    1178. 

  1178.     free(tab);
    1179. 

  1179. }
    1180. 

  1180. </pre></td></tr></table>
    1181. 

  1181. 

  1182. </dd>
    1183. 

  1183. <dt> Access of freed memory:</dt>
    1184. 

  1184. <dd><table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">{
    1185. 

  1185.     int *tab;
    1186. 

  1186.     tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
    1187. 

  1187.     free(tab);
    1188. 

  1188.     for(i=0;i&lt;20;i++) {
    1189. 

  1189.         sum += tab4[i];
    1190. 

  1190.     }
    1191. 

  1191. }
    1192. 

  1192. </pre></td></tr></table>
    1193. 

  1193. 

  1194. </dd>
    1195. 

  1195. <dt> Double free:</dt>
    1196. 

  1196. <dd><table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">{
    1197. 

  1197.     int *tab;
    1198. 

  1198.     tab = malloc(20 * sizeof(int));
    1199. 

  1199.     free(tab);
    1200. 

  1200.     free(tab);
    1201. 

  1201. }
    1202. 

  1202. </pre></td></tr></table>
    1203. 

  1203. 

  1204. </dd>
    1205. 

  1205. </dl>
    1206. 

  1206. 

  1207. <hr size="6">
    1208. 

  1208. <a name="Libtcc"></a>
    1209. 

  1209. <a name="SEC22"></a>
    1210. 

  1210. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1211. 

  1211. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1212. 

  1212. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1213. 

  1213. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1214. 

  1214. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC21" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1215. 

  1215. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1216. 

  1216. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1217. 

  1217. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1218. 

  1218. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1219. 

  1219. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1220. 

  1220. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1221. 

  1221. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1222. 

  1222. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1223. 

  1223. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1224. 

  1224. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1225. 

  1225. </tr></table>
    1226. 

  1226. <h1 class="chapter"> 7. The <code>libtcc</code> library </h1>
    1227. 

  1227. 

  1228. <p>The <code>libtcc</code> library enables you to use TCC as a backend for
    1229. 

  1229. dynamic code generation. 
    1230. 

  1230. </p>
    1231. 

  1231. <p>Read the &lsquo;<tt>libtcc.h</tt>&rsquo; to have an overview of the API. Read
    1232. 

  1232. &lsquo;<tt>libtcc_test.c</tt>&rsquo; to have a very simple example.
    1233. 

  1233. </p>
    1234. 

  1234. <p>The idea consists in giving a C string containing the program you want
    1235. 

  1235. to compile directly to <code>libtcc</code>. Then you can access to any global
    1236. 

  1236. symbol (function or variable) defined.
    1237. 

  1237. </p>
    1238. 

  1238. <hr size="6">
    1239. 

  1239. <a name="devel"></a>
    1240. 

  1240. <a name="SEC23"></a>
    1241. 

  1241. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1242. 

  1242. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC22" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1243. 

  1243. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC24" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1244. 

  1244. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1245. 

  1245. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC22" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1246. 

  1246. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1247. 

  1247. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1248. 

  1248. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1249. 

  1249. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1250. 

  1250. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1251. 

  1251. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1252. 

  1252. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1253. 

  1253. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1254. 

  1254. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1255. 

  1255. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1256. 

  1256. </tr></table>
    1257. 

  1257. <h1 class="chapter"> 8. Developer's guide </h1>
    1258. 

  1258. 

  1259. <p>This chapter gives some hints to understand how TCC works. You can skip
    1260. 

  1260. it if you do not intend to modify the TCC code.
    1261. 

  1261. </p>
    1262. 

  1262. <hr size="6">
    1263. 

  1263. <a name="SEC24"></a>
    1264. 

  1264. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1265. 

  1265. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1266. 

  1266. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC25" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1267. 

  1267. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1268. 

  1268. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1269. 

  1269. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1270. 

  1270. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1271. 

  1271. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1272. 

  1272. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1273. 

  1273. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1274. 

  1274. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1275. 

  1275. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1276. 

  1276. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1277. 

  1277. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1278. 

  1278. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1279. 

  1279. </tr></table>
    1280. 

  1280. <h2 class="section"> 8.1 File reading </h2>
    1281. 

  1281. 

  1282. <p>The <code>BufferedFile</code> structure contains the context needed to read a
    1283. 

  1283. file, including the current line number. <code>tcc_open()</code> opens a new
    1284. 

  1284. file and <code>tcc_close()</code> closes it. <code>inp()</code> returns the next
    1285. 

  1285. character.
    1286. 

  1286. </p>
    1287. 

  1287. <hr size="6">
    1288. 

  1288. <a name="SEC25"></a>
    1289. 

  1289. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1290. 

  1290. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC24" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1291. 

  1291. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC26" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1292. 

  1292. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1293. 

  1293. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1294. 

  1294. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1295. 

  1295. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1296. 

  1296. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1297. 

  1297. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1298. 

  1298. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1299. 

  1299. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1300. 

  1300. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1301. 

  1301. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1302. 

  1302. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1303. 

  1303. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1304. 

  1304. </tr></table>
    1305. 

  1305. <h2 class="section"> 8.2 Lexer </h2>
    1306. 

  1306. 

  1307. <p><code>next()</code> reads the next token in the current
    1308. 

  1308. file. <code>next_nomacro()</code> reads the next token without macro
    1309. 

  1309. expansion.
    1310. 

  1310. </p>
    1311. 

  1311. <p><code>tok</code> contains the current token (see <code>TOK_xxx</code>)
    1312. 

  1312. constants. Identifiers and keywords are also keywords. <code>tokc</code>
    1313. 

  1313. contains additional infos about the token (for example a constant value
    1314. 

  1314. if number or string token).
    1315. 

  1315. </p>
    1316. 

  1316. <hr size="6">
    1317. 

  1317. <a name="SEC26"></a>
    1318. 

  1318. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1319. 

  1319. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC25" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1320. 

  1320. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC27" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1321. 

  1321. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1322. 

  1322. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1323. 

  1323. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1324. 

  1324. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1325. 

  1325. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1326. 

  1326. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1327. 

  1327. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1328. 

  1328. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1329. 

  1329. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1330. 

  1330. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1331. 

  1331. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1332. 

  1332. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1333. 

  1333. </tr></table>
    1334. 

  1334. <h2 class="section"> 8.3 Parser </h2>
    1335. 

  1335. 

  1336. <p>The parser is hardcoded (yacc is not necessary). It does only one pass,
    1337. 

  1337. except:
    1338. 

  1338. </p>
    1339. 

  1339. <ul class="toc">
    1340. 

  1340. <li> For initialized arrays with unknown size, a first pass 
    1341. 

  1341. is done to count the number of elements.
    1342. 

  1342. 

  1343. </li><li> For architectures where arguments are evaluated in 
    1344. 

  1344. reverse order, a first pass is done to reverse the argument order.
    1345. 

  1345. 

  1346. </li></ul>
    1347. 

  1347. 

  1348. <hr size="6">
    1349. 

  1349. <a name="SEC27"></a>
    1350. 

  1350. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1351. 

  1351. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC26" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1352. 

  1352. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC28" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1353. 

  1353. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1354. 

  1354. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1355. 

  1355. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1356. 

  1356. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1357. 

  1357. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1358. 

  1358. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1359. 

  1359. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1360. 

  1360. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1361. 

  1361. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1362. 

  1362. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1363. 

  1363. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1364. 

  1364. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1365. 

  1365. </tr></table>
    1366. 

  1366. <h2 class="section"> 8.4 Types </h2>
    1367. 

  1367. 

  1368. <p>The types are stored in a single 'int' variable. It was chosen in the
    1369. 

  1369. first stages of development when tcc was much simpler. Now, it may not
    1370. 

  1370. be the best solution.
    1371. 

  1371. </p>
    1372. 

  1372. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_INT        0  /* integer type */
    1373. 

  1373. #define VT_BYTE       1  /* signed byte type */
    1374. 

  1374. #define VT_SHORT      2  /* short type */
    1375. 

  1375. #define VT_VOID       3  /* void type */
    1376. 

  1376. #define VT_PTR        4  /* pointer */
    1377. 

  1377. #define VT_ENUM       5  /* enum definition */
    1378. 

  1378. #define VT_FUNC       6  /* function type */
    1379. 

  1379. #define VT_STRUCT     7  /* struct/union definition */
    1380. 

  1380. #define VT_FLOAT      8  /* IEEE float */
    1381. 

  1381. #define VT_DOUBLE     9  /* IEEE double */
    1382. 

  1382. #define VT_LDOUBLE   10  /* IEEE long double */
    1383. 

  1383. #define VT_BOOL      11  /* ISOC99 boolean type */
    1384. 

  1384. #define VT_LLONG     12  /* 64 bit integer */
    1385. 

  1385. #define VT_LONG      13  /* long integer (NEVER USED as type, only
    1386. 

  1386.                             during parsing) */
    1387. 

  1387. #define VT_BTYPE      0x000f /* mask for basic type */
    1388. 

  1388. #define VT_UNSIGNED   0x0010  /* unsigned type */
    1389. 

  1389. #define VT_ARRAY      0x0020  /* array type (also has VT_PTR) */
    1390. 

  1390. #define VT_BITFIELD   0x0040  /* bitfield modifier */
    1391. 

  1391. 

  1392. #define VT_STRUCT_SHIFT 16   /* structure/enum name shift (16 bits left) */
    1393. 

  1393. </pre></td></tr></table>
    1394. 

  1394. 

  1395. <p>When a reference to another type is needed (for pointers, functions and
    1396. 

  1396. structures), the <code>32 - VT_STRUCT_SHIFT</code> high order bits are used to
    1397. 

  1397. store an identifier reference.
    1398. 

  1398. </p>
    1399. 

  1399. <p>The <code>VT_UNSIGNED</code> flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long
    1400. 

  1400. longs.
    1401. 

  1401. </p>
    1402. 

  1402. <p>Arrays are considered as pointers <code>VT_PTR</code> with the flag
    1403. 

  1403. <code>VT_ARRAY</code> set.
    1404. 

  1404. </p>
    1405. 

  1405. <p>The <code>VT_BITFIELD</code> flag can be set for chars, shorts, ints and long
    1406. 

  1406. longs. If it is set, then the bitfield position is stored from bits
    1407. 

  1407. VT_STRUCT_SHIFT to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 5 and the bit field size is stored
    1408. 

  1408. from bits VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 6 to VT_STRUCT_SHIFT + 11.
    1409. 

  1409. </p>
    1410. 

  1410. <p><code>VT_LONG</code> is never used except during parsing.
    1411. 

  1411. </p>
    1412. 

  1412. <p>During parsing, the storage of an object is also stored in the type
    1413. 

  1413. integer:
    1414. 

  1414. </p>
    1415. 

  1415. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_EXTERN  0x00000080  /* extern definition */
    1416. 

  1416. #define VT_STATIC  0x00000100  /* static variable */
    1417. 

  1417. #define VT_TYPEDEF 0x00000200  /* typedef definition */
    1418. 

  1418. </pre></td></tr></table>
    1419. 

  1419. 

  1420. <hr size="6">
    1421. 

  1421. <a name="SEC28"></a>
    1422. 

  1422. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1423. 

  1423. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC27" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1424. 

  1424. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC29" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1425. 

  1425. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1426. 

  1426. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1427. 

  1427. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1428. 

  1428. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1429. 

  1429. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1430. 

  1430. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1431. 

  1431. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1432. 

  1432. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1433. 

  1433. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1434. 

  1434. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1435. 

  1435. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1436. 

  1436. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1437. 

  1437. </tr></table>
    1438. 

  1438. <h2 class="section"> 8.5 Symbols </h2>
    1439. 

  1439. 

  1440. <p>All symbols are stored in hashed symbol stacks. Each symbol stack
    1441. 

  1441. contains <code>Sym</code> structures.
    1442. 

  1442. </p>
    1443. 

  1443. <p><code>Sym.v</code> contains the symbol name (remember
    1444. 

  1444. an idenfier is also a token, so a string is never necessary to store
    1445. 

  1445. it). <code>Sym.t</code> gives the type of the symbol. <code>Sym.r</code> is usually
    1446. 

  1446. the register in which the corresponding variable is stored. <code>Sym.c</code> is
    1447. 

  1447. usually a constant associated to the symbol.
    1448. 

  1448. </p>
    1449. 

  1449. <p>Four main symbol stacks are defined:
    1450. 

  1450. </p>
    1451. 

  1451. <dl compact="compact">
    1452. 

  1452. <dt> <code>define_stack</code></dt>
    1453. 

  1453. <dd><p>for the macros (<code>#define</code>s).
    1454. 

  1454. </p>
    1455. 

  1455. </dd>
    1456. 

  1456. <dt> <code>global_stack</code></dt>
    1457. 

  1457. <dd><p>for the global variables, functions and types.
    1458. 

  1458. </p>
    1459. 

  1459. </dd>
    1460. 

  1460. <dt> <code>local_stack</code></dt>
    1461. 

  1461. <dd><p>for the local variables, functions and types.
    1462. 

  1462. </p>
    1463. 

  1463. </dd>
    1464. 

  1464. <dt> <code>global_label_stack</code></dt>
    1465. 

  1465. <dd><p>for the local labels (for <code>goto</code>).
    1466. 

  1466. </p>
    1467. 

  1467. </dd>
    1468. 

  1468. <dt> <code>label_stack</code></dt>
    1469. 

  1469. <dd><p>for GCC block local labels (see the <code>__label__</code> keyword).
    1470. 

  1470. </p>
    1471. 

  1471. </dd>
    1472. 

  1472. </dl>
    1473. 

  1473. 

  1474. <p><code>sym_push()</code> is used to add a new symbol in the local symbol
    1475. 

  1475. stack. If no local symbol stack is active, it is added in the global
    1476. 

  1476. symbol stack.
    1477. 

  1477. </p>
    1478. 

  1478. <p><code>sym_pop(st,b)</code> pops symbols from the symbol stack <var>st</var> until
    1479. 

  1479. the symbol <var>b</var> is on the top of stack. If <var>b</var> is NULL, the stack
    1480. 

  1480. is emptied.
    1481. 

  1481. </p>
    1482. 

  1482. <p><code>sym_find(v)</code> return the symbol associated to the identifier
    1483. 

  1483. <var>v</var>. The local stack is searched first from top to bottom, then the
    1484. 

  1484. global stack.
    1485. 

  1485. </p>
    1486. 

  1486. <hr size="6">
    1487. 

  1487. <a name="SEC29"></a>
    1488. 

  1488. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1489. 

  1489. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC28" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1490. 

  1490. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1491. 

  1491. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1492. 

  1492. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1493. 

  1493. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1494. 

  1494. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1495. 

  1495. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1496. 

  1496. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1497. 

  1497. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1498. 

  1498. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1499. 

  1499. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1500. 

  1500. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1501. 

  1501. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1502. 

  1502. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1503. 

  1503. </tr></table>
    1504. 

  1504. <h2 class="section"> 8.6 Sections </h2>
    1505. 

  1505. 

  1506. <p>The generated code and datas are written in sections. The structure
    1507. 

  1507. <code>Section</code> contains all the necessary information for a given
    1508. 

  1508. section. <code>new_section()</code> creates a new section. ELF file semantics
    1509. 

  1509. is assumed for each section.
    1510. 

  1510. </p>
    1511. 

  1511. <p>The following sections are predefined:
    1512. 

  1512. </p>
    1513. 

  1513. <dl compact="compact">
    1514. 

  1514. <dt> <code>text_section</code></dt>
    1515. 

  1515. <dd><p>is the section containing the generated code. <var>ind</var> contains the
    1516. 

  1516. current position in the code section.
    1517. 

  1517. </p>
    1518. 

  1518. </dd>
    1519. 

  1519. <dt> <code>data_section</code></dt>
    1520. 

  1520. <dd><p>contains initialized data
    1521. 

  1521. </p>
    1522. 

  1522. </dd>
    1523. 

  1523. <dt> <code>bss_section</code></dt>
    1524. 

  1524. <dd><p>contains uninitialized data
    1525. 

  1525. </p>
    1526. 

  1526. </dd>
    1527. 

  1527. <dt> <code>bounds_section</code></dt>
    1528. 

  1528. <dt> <code>lbounds_section</code></dt>
    1529. 

  1529. <dd><p>are used when bound checking is activated
    1530. 

  1530. </p>
    1531. 

  1531. </dd>
    1532. 

  1532. <dt> <code>stab_section</code></dt>
    1533. 

  1533. <dt> <code>stabstr_section</code></dt>
    1534. 

  1534. <dd><p>are used when debugging is activated to store debug information
    1535. 

  1535. </p>
    1536. 

  1536. </dd>
    1537. 

  1537. <dt> <code>symtab_section</code></dt>
    1538. 

  1538. <dt> <code>strtab_section</code></dt>
    1539. 

  1539. <dd><p>contain the exported symbols (currently only used for debugging).
    1540. 

  1540. </p>
    1541. 

  1541. </dd>
    1542. 

  1542. </dl>
    1543. 

  1543. 

  1544. <hr size="6">
    1545. 

  1545. <a name="SEC30"></a>
    1546. 

  1546. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1547. 

  1547. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC29" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1548. 

  1548. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC31" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1549. 

  1549. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1550. 

  1550. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1551. 

  1551. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1552. 

  1552. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1553. 

  1553. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1554. 

  1554. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1555. 

  1555. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1556. 

  1556. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1557. 

  1557. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1558. 

  1558. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1559. 

  1559. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1560. 

  1560. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1561. 

  1561. </tr></table>
    1562. 

  1562. <h2 class="section"> 8.7 Code generation </h2>
    1563. 

  1563. 

  1564. <hr size="6">
    1565. 

  1565. <a name="SEC31"></a>
    1566. 

  1566. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1567. 

  1567. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1568. 

  1568. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC32" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1569. 

  1569. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1570. 

  1570. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1571. 

  1571. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1572. 

  1572. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1573. 

  1573. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1574. 

  1574. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1575. 

  1575. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1576. 

  1576. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1577. 

  1577. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1578. 

  1578. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1579. 

  1579. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1580. 

  1580. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1581. 

  1581. </tr></table>
    1582. 

  1582. <h3 class="subsection"> 8.7.1 Introduction </h3>
    1583. 

  1583. 

  1584. <p>The TCC code generator directly generates linked binary code in one
    1585. 

  1585. pass. It is rather unusual these days (see gcc for example which
    1586. 

  1586. generates text assembly), but it can be very fast and surprisingly
    1587. 

  1587. little complicated.
    1588. 

  1588. </p>
    1589. 

  1589. <p>The TCC code generator is register based. Optimization is only done at
    1590. 

  1590. the expression level. No intermediate representation of expression is
    1591. 

  1591. kept except the current values stored in the <em>value stack</em>.
    1592. 

  1592. </p>
    1593. 

  1593. <p>On x86, three temporary registers are used. When more registers are
    1594. 

  1594. needed, one register is spilled into a new temporary variable on the stack.
    1595. 

  1595. </p>
    1596. 

  1596. <hr size="6">
    1597. 

  1597. <a name="SEC32"></a>
    1598. 

  1598. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1599. 

  1599. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC31" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1600. 

  1600. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC33" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1601. 

  1601. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1602. 

  1602. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1603. 

  1603. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1604. 

  1604. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1605. 

  1605. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1606. 

  1606. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1607. 

  1607. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1608. 

  1608. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1609. 

  1609. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1610. 

  1610. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1611. 

  1611. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1612. 

  1612. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1613. 

  1613. </tr></table>
    1614. 

  1614. <h3 class="subsection"> 8.7.2 The value stack </h3>
    1615. 

  1615. 

  1616. <p>When an expression is parsed, its value is pushed on the value stack
    1617. 

  1617. (<var>vstack</var>). The top of the value stack is <var>vtop</var>. Each value
    1618. 

  1618. stack entry is the structure <code>SValue</code>.
    1619. 

  1619. </p>
    1620. 

  1620. <p><code>SValue.t</code> is the type. <code>SValue.r</code> indicates how the value is
    1621. 

  1621. currently stored in the generated code. It is usually a CPU register
    1622. 

  1622. index (<code>REG_xxx</code> constants), but additional values and flags are
    1623. 

  1623. defined:
    1624. 

  1624. </p>
    1625. 

  1625. <table><tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td><pre class="example">#define VT_CONST     0x00f0
    1626. 

  1626. #define VT_LLOCAL    0x00f1
    1627. 

  1627. #define VT_LOCAL     0x00f2
    1628. 

  1628. #define VT_CMP       0x00f3
    1629. 

  1629. #define VT_JMP       0x00f4
    1630. 

  1630. #define VT_JMPI      0x00f5
    1631. 

  1631. #define VT_LVAL      0x0100
    1632. 

  1632. #define VT_SYM       0x0200
    1633. 

  1633. #define VT_MUSTCAST  0x0400
    1634. 

  1634. #define VT_MUSTBOUND 0x0800
    1635. 

  1635. #define VT_BOUNDED   0x8000
    1636. 

  1636. #define VT_LVAL_BYTE     0x1000
    1637. 

  1637. #define VT_LVAL_SHORT    0x2000
    1638. 

  1638. #define VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED 0x4000
    1639. 

  1639. #define VT_LVAL_TYPE     (VT_LVAL_BYTE | VT_LVAL_SHORT | VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED)
    1640. 

  1640. </pre></td></tr></table>
    1641. 

  1641. 

  1642. <dl compact="compact">
    1643. 

  1643. <dt> <code>VT_CONST</code></dt>
    1644. 

  1644. <dd><p>indicates that the value is a constant. It is stored in the union
    1645. 

  1645. <code>SValue.c</code>, depending on its type.
    1646. 

  1646. </p>
    1647. 

  1647. </dd>
    1648. 

  1648. <dt> <code>VT_LOCAL</code></dt>
    1649. 

  1649. <dd><p>indicates a local variable pointer at offset <code>SValue.c.i</code> in the
    1650. 

  1650. stack.
    1651. 

  1651. </p>
    1652. 

  1652. </dd>
    1653. 

  1653. <dt> <code>VT_CMP</code></dt>
    1654. 

  1654. <dd><p>indicates that the value is actually stored in the CPU flags (i.e. the
    1655. 

  1655. value is the consequence of a test). The value is either 0 or 1. The
    1656. 

  1656. actual CPU flags used is indicated in <code>SValue.c.i</code>. 
    1657. 

  1657. </p>
    1658. 

  1658. <p>If any code is generated which destroys the CPU flags, this value MUST be
    1659. 

  1659. put in a normal register.
    1660. 

  1660. </p>
    1661. 

  1661. </dd>
    1662. 

  1662. <dt> <code>VT_JMP</code></dt>
    1663. 

  1663. <dt> <code>VT_JMPI</code></dt>
    1664. 

  1664. <dd><p>indicates that the value is the consequence of a conditional jump. For VT_JMP,
    1665. 

  1665. it is 1 if the jump is taken, 0 otherwise. For VT_JMPI it is inverted.
    1666. 

  1666. </p>
    1667. 

  1667. <p>These values are used to compile the <code>||</code> and <code>&amp;&amp;</code> logical
    1668. 

  1668. operators.
    1669. 

  1669. </p>
    1670. 

  1670. <p>If any code is generated, this value MUST be put in a normal
    1671. 

  1671. register. Otherwise, the generated code won't be executed if the jump is
    1672. 

  1672. taken.
    1673. 

  1673. </p>
    1674. 

  1674. </dd>
    1675. 

  1675. <dt> <code>VT_LVAL</code></dt>
    1676. 

  1676. <dd><p>is a flag indicating that the value is actually an lvalue (left value of
    1677. 

  1677. an assignment). It means that the value stored is actually a pointer to
    1678. 

  1678. the wanted value. 
    1679. 

  1679. </p>
    1680. 

  1680. <p>Understanding the use <code>VT_LVAL</code> is very important if you want to
    1681. 

  1681. understand how TCC works.
    1682. 

  1682. </p>
    1683. 

  1683. </dd>
    1684. 

  1684. <dt> <code>VT_LVAL_BYTE</code></dt>
    1685. 

  1685. <dt> <code>VT_LVAL_SHORT</code></dt>
    1686. 

  1686. <dt> <code>VT_LVAL_UNSIGNED</code></dt>
    1687. 

  1687. <dd><p>if the lvalue has an integer type, then these flags give its real
    1688. 

  1688. type. The type alone is not enough in case of cast optimisations.
    1689. 

  1689. </p>
    1690. 

  1690. </dd>
    1691. 

  1691. <dt> <code>VT_LLOCAL</code></dt>
    1692. 

  1692. <dd><p>is a saved lvalue on the stack. <code>VT_LLOCAL</code> should be eliminated
    1693. 

  1693. ASAP because its semantics are rather complicated.
    1694. 

  1694. </p>
    1695. 

  1695. </dd>
    1696. 

  1696. <dt> <code>VT_MUSTCAST</code></dt>
    1697. 

  1697. <dd><p>indicates that a cast to the value type must be performed if the value
    1698. 

  1698. is used (lazy casting).
    1699. 

  1699. </p>
    1700. 

  1700. </dd>
    1701. 

  1701. <dt> <code>VT_SYM</code></dt>
    1702. 

  1702. <dd><p>indicates that the symbol <code>SValue.sym</code> must be added to the constant.
    1703. 

  1703. </p>
    1704. 

  1704. </dd>
    1705. 

  1705. <dt> <code>VT_MUSTBOUND</code></dt>
    1706. 

  1706. <dt> <code>VT_BOUNDED</code></dt>
    1707. 

  1707. <dd><p>are only used for optional bound checking.
    1708. 

  1708. </p>
    1709. 

  1709. </dd>
    1710. 

  1710. </dl>
    1711. 

  1711. 

  1712. <hr size="6">
    1713. 

  1713. <a name="SEC33"></a>
    1714. 

  1714. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1715. 

  1715. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC32" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1716. 

  1716. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC34" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1717. 

  1717. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1718. 

  1718. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1719. 

  1719. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1720. 

  1720. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1721. 

  1721. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1722. 

  1722. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1723. 

  1723. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1724. 

  1724. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1725. 

  1725. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1726. 

  1726. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1727. 

  1727. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1728. 

  1728. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1729. 

  1729. </tr></table>
    1730. 

  1730. <h3 class="subsection"> 8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack </h3>
    1731. 

  1731. 

  1732. <p><code>vsetc()</code> and <code>vset()</code> pushes a new value on the value
    1733. 

  1733. stack. If the previous <var>vtop</var> was stored in a very unsafe place(for
    1734. 

  1734. example in the CPU flags), then some code is generated to put the
    1735. 

  1735. previous <var>vtop</var> in a safe storage.
    1736. 

  1736. </p>
    1737. 

  1737. <p><code>vpop()</code> pops <var>vtop</var>. In some cases, it also generates cleanup
    1738. 

  1738. code (for example if stacked floating point registers are used as on
    1739. 

  1739. x86).
    1740. 

  1740. </p>
    1741. 

  1741. <p>The <code>gv(rc)</code> function generates code to evaluate <var>vtop</var> (the
    1742. 

  1742. top value of the stack) into registers. <var>rc</var> selects in which
    1743. 

  1743. register class the value should be put. <code>gv()</code> is the <em>most
    1744. 

  1744. important function</em> of the code generator.
    1745. 

  1745. </p>
    1746. 

  1746. <p><code>gv2()</code> is the same as <code>gv()</code> but for the top two stack
    1747. 

  1747. entries.
    1748. 

  1748. </p>
    1749. 

  1749. <hr size="6">
    1750. 

  1750. <a name="SEC34"></a>
    1751. 

  1751. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1752. 

  1752. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC33" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1753. 

  1753. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC35" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1754. 

  1754. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1755. 

  1755. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1756. 

  1756. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC30" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1757. 

  1757. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1758. 

  1758. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1759. 

  1759. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1760. 

  1760. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1761. 

  1761. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1762. 

  1762. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1763. 

  1763. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1764. 

  1764. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1765. 

  1765. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1766. 

  1766. </tr></table>
    1767. 

  1767. <h3 class="subsection"> 8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation </h3>
    1768. 

  1768. <p>See the &lsquo;<tt>i386-gen.c</tt>&rsquo; file to have an example.
    1769. 

  1769. </p>
    1770. 

  1770. <dl compact="compact">
    1771. 

  1771. <dt> <code>load()</code></dt>
    1772. 

  1772. <dd><p>must generate the code needed to load a stack value into a register.
    1773. 

  1773. </p>
    1774. 

  1774. </dd>
    1775. 

  1775. <dt> <code>store()</code></dt>
    1776. 

  1776. <dd><p>must generate the code needed to store a register into a stack value
    1777. 

  1777. lvalue.
    1778. 

  1778. </p>
    1779. 

  1779. </dd>
    1780. 

  1780. <dt> <code>gfunc_start()</code></dt>
    1781. 

  1781. <dt> <code>gfunc_param()</code></dt>
    1782. 

  1782. <dt> <code>gfunc_call()</code></dt>
    1783. 

  1783. <dd><p>should generate a function call
    1784. 

  1784. </p>
    1785. 

  1785. </dd>
    1786. 

  1786. <dt> <code>gfunc_prolog()</code></dt>
    1787. 

  1787. <dt> <code>gfunc_epilog()</code></dt>
    1788. 

  1788. <dd><p>should generate a function prolog/epilog.
    1789. 

  1789. </p>
    1790. 

  1790. </dd>
    1791. 

  1791. <dt> <code>gen_opi(op)</code></dt>
    1792. 

  1792. <dd><p>must generate the binary integer operation <var>op</var> on the two top
    1793. 

  1793. entries of the stack which are guaranted to contain integer types.
    1794. 

  1794. </p>
    1795. 

  1795. <p>The result value should be put on the stack.
    1796. 

  1796. </p>
    1797. 

  1797. </dd>
    1798. 

  1798. <dt> <code>gen_opf(op)</code></dt>
    1799. 

  1799. <dd><p>same as <code>gen_opi()</code> for floating point operations. The two top
    1800. 

  1800. entries of the stack are guaranted to contain floating point values of
    1801. 

  1801. same types.
    1802. 

  1802. </p>
    1803. 

  1803. </dd>
    1804. 

  1804. <dt> <code>gen_cvt_itof()</code></dt>
    1805. 

  1805. <dd><p>integer to floating point conversion.
    1806. 

  1806. </p>
    1807. 

  1807. </dd>
    1808. 

  1808. <dt> <code>gen_cvt_ftoi()</code></dt>
    1809. 

  1809. <dd><p>floating point to integer conversion.
    1810. 

  1810. </p>
    1811. 

  1811. </dd>
    1812. 

  1812. <dt> <code>gen_cvt_ftof()</code></dt>
    1813. 

  1813. <dd><p>floating point to floating point of different size conversion.
    1814. 

  1814. </p>
    1815. 

  1815. </dd>
    1816. 

  1816. <dt> <code>gen_bounded_ptr_add()</code></dt>
    1817. 

  1817. <dt> <code>gen_bounded_ptr_deref()</code></dt>
    1818. 

  1818. <dd><p>are only used for bounds checking.
    1819. 

  1819. </p>
    1820. 

  1820. </dd>
    1821. 

  1821. </dl>
    1822. 

  1822. 

  1823. <hr size="6">
    1824. 

  1824. <a name="SEC35"></a>
    1825. 

  1825. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1826. 

  1826. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC34" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1827. 

  1827. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next section in reading order"> &gt; </a>]</td>
    1828. 

  1828. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1829. 

  1829. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1830. 

  1830. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1831. 

  1831. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Next chapter"> &gt;&gt; </a>]</td>
    1832. 

  1832. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1833. 

  1833. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1834. 

  1834. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1835. 

  1835. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1836. 

  1836. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1837. 

  1837. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1838. 

  1838. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1839. 

  1839. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1840. 

  1840. </tr></table>
    1841. 

  1841. <h2 class="section"> 8.8 Optimizations done </h2>
    1842. 

  1842. <p>Constant propagation is done for all operations. Multiplications and
    1843. 

  1843. divisions are optimized to shifts when appropriate. Comparison
    1844. 

  1844. operators are optimized by maintaining a special cache for the
    1845. 

  1845. processor flags. &amp;&amp;, || and ! are optimized by maintaining a special
    1846. 

  1846. 'jump target' value. No other jump optimization is currently performed
    1847. 

  1847. because it would require to store the code in a more abstract fashion.
    1848. 

  1848. </p>
    1849. 

  1849. <hr size="6">
    1850. 

  1850. <a name="SEC36"></a>
    1851. 

  1851. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    1852. 

  1852. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC35" title="Previous section in reading order"> &lt; </a>]</td>
    1853. 

  1853. <td valign="middle" align="left">[ &gt; ]</td>
    1854. 

  1854. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1855. 

  1855. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC23" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> &lt;&lt; </a>]</td>
    1856. 

  1856. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Up section"> Up </a>]</td>
    1857. 

  1857. <td valign="middle" align="left">[ &gt;&gt; ]</td>
    1858. 

  1858. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1859. 

  1859. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1860. 

  1860. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1861. 

  1861. <td valign="middle" align="left"> &nbsp; </td>
    1862. 

  1862. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    1863. 

  1863. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    1864. 

  1864. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    1865. 

  1865. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    1866. 

  1866. </tr></table>
    1867. 

  1867. <h1 class="unnumbered"> Concept Index </h1>
    1868. 

  1868. <table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a href="#SEC36_0" class="summary-letter"><b>_</b></a>
    1869. 

  1869.  &nbsp; 
    1870. 

  1870. <br>
    1871. 

  1871. <a href="#SEC36_1" class="summary-letter"><b>A</b></a>
    1872. 

  1872.  &nbsp; 
    1873. 

  1873. <a href="#SEC36_2" class="summary-letter"><b>B</b></a>
    1874. 

  1874.  &nbsp; 
    1875. 

  1875. <a href="#SEC36_3" class="summary-letter"><b>C</b></a>
    1876. 

  1876.  &nbsp; 
    1877. 

  1877. <a href="#SEC36_4" class="summary-letter"><b>D</b></a>
    1878. 

  1878.  &nbsp; 
    1879. 

  1879. <a href="#SEC36_5" class="summary-letter"><b>E</b></a>
    1880. 

  1880.  &nbsp; 
    1881. 

  1881. <a href="#SEC36_6" class="summary-letter"><b>F</b></a>
    1882. 

  1882.  &nbsp; 
    1883. 

  1883. <a href="#SEC36_7" class="summary-letter"><b>G</b></a>
    1884. 

  1884.  &nbsp; 
    1885. 

  1885. <a href="#SEC36_8" class="summary-letter"><b>I</b></a>
    1886. 

  1886.  &nbsp; 
    1887. 

  1887. <a href="#SEC36_9" class="summary-letter"><b>J</b></a>
    1888. 

  1888.  &nbsp; 
    1889. 

  1889. <a href="#SEC36_10" class="summary-letter"><b>L</b></a>
    1890. 

  1890.  &nbsp; 
    1891. 

  1891. <a href="#SEC36_11" class="summary-letter"><b>M</b></a>
    1892. 

  1892.  &nbsp; 
    1893. 

  1893. <a href="#SEC36_12" class="summary-letter"><b>O</b></a>
    1894. 

  1894.  &nbsp; 
    1895. 

  1895. <a href="#SEC36_13" class="summary-letter"><b>P</b></a>
    1896. 

  1896.  &nbsp; 
    1897. 

  1897. <a href="#SEC36_14" class="summary-letter"><b>Q</b></a>
    1898. 

  1898.  &nbsp; 
    1899. 

  1899. <a href="#SEC36_15" class="summary-letter"><b>R</b></a>
    1900. 

  1900.  &nbsp; 
    1901. 

  1901. <a href="#SEC36_16" class="summary-letter"><b>S</b></a>
    1902. 

  1902.  &nbsp; 
    1903. 

  1903. <a href="#SEC36_17" class="summary-letter"><b>T</b></a>
    1904. 

  1904.  &nbsp; 
    1905. 

  1905. <a href="#SEC36_18" class="summary-letter"><b>U</b></a>
    1906. 

  1906.  &nbsp; 
    1907. 

  1907. <a href="#SEC36_19" class="summary-letter"><b>V</b></a>
    1908. 

  1908.  &nbsp; 
    1909. 

  1909. <a href="#SEC36_20" class="summary-letter"><b>W</b></a>
    1910. 

  1910.  &nbsp; 
    1911. 

  1911. </td></tr></table>
    1912. 

  1912. <table border="0" class="index-cp">
    1913. 

  1913. <tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
    1914. 

  1914. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    1915. 

  1915. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_0">_</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    1916. 

  1916. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX11">__asm__</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
    1917. 

  1917. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    1918. 

  1918. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_1">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    1919. 

  1919. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">align directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1920. 

  1920. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX1">aligned attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
    1921. 

  1921. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">ascii directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1922. 

  1922. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">asciz directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1923. 

  1923. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC15">assembler</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC15">4.5 X86 Assembler</a></td></tr>
    1924. 

  1924. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">assembler directives</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1925. 

  1925. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX10">assembly, inline</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
    1926. 

  1926. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    1927. 

  1927. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_2">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    1928. 

  1928. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">bound checks</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td></tr>
    1929. 

  1929. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">bss directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1930. 

  1930. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">byte directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1931. 

  1931. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    1932. 

  1932. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_3">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    1933. 

  1933. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">caching processor flags</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
    1934. 

  1934. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX5">cdecl attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
    1935. 

  1935. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC30">code generation</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC30">8.7 Code generation</a></td></tr>
    1936. 

  1936. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">comparison operators</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
    1937. 

  1937. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">constant propagation</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
    1938. 

  1938. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC34">CPU dependent</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC34">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</a></td></tr>
    1939. 

  1939. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    1940. 

  1940. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_4">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    1941. 

  1941. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">data directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1942. 

  1942. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">directives, assembler</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1943. 

  1943. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX8">dllexport attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
    1944. 

  1944. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    1945. 

  1945. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_5">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    1946. 

  1946. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC17">ELF</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC17">5.1 ELF file generation</a></td></tr>
    1947. 

  1947. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    1948. 

  1948. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_6">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    1949. 

  1949. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">FILE, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
    1950. 

  1950. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">fill directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1951. 

  1951. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">flags, caching</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
    1952. 

  1952. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    1953. 

  1953. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_7">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    1954. 

  1954. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX12">gas</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
    1955. 

  1955. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">global directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1956. 

  1956. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">globl directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1957. 

  1957. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">GROUP, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
    1958. 

  1958. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    1959. 

  1959. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_8">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    1960. 

  1960. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX9">inline assembly</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
    1961. 

  1961. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">int directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1962. 

  1962. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    1963. 

  1963. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_9">J</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    1964. 

  1964. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">jump optimization</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
    1965. 

  1965. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    1966. 

  1966. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_10">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    1967. 

  1967. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC16">linker</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</a></td></tr>
    1968. 

  1968. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">linker scripts</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
    1969. 

  1969. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">long directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1970. 

  1970. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    1971. 

  1971. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_11">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    1972. 

  1972. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">memory checks</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></td></tr>
    1973. 

  1973. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    1974. 

  1974. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_12">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    1975. 

  1975. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">optimizations</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
    1976. 

  1976. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">org directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1977. 

  1977. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">OUTPUT_FORMAT, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
    1978. 

  1978. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    1979. 

  1979. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_13">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    1980. 

  1980. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX2">packed attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
    1981. 

  1981. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC19">PE-i386</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC19">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</a></td></tr>
    1982. 

  1982. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">previous directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1983. 

  1983. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    1984. 

  1984. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_14">Q</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    1985. 

  1985. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">quad directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1986. 

  1986. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    1987. 

  1987. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_15">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    1988. 

  1988. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX7">regparm attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
    1989. 

  1989. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    1990. 

  1990. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_16">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    1991. 

  1991. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">scripts, linker</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
    1992. 

  1992. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX3">section attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
    1993. 

  1993. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">section directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1994. 

  1994. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">short directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1995. 

  1995. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">skip directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1996. 

  1996. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">space directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    1997. 

  1997. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX6">stdcall attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
    1998. 

  1998. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">strength reduction</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></td></tr>
    1999. 

  1999. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">string directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    2000. 

  2000. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    2001. 

  2001. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_17">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    2002. 

  2002. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">TARGET, linker command</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></td></tr>
    2003. 

  2003. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">text directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    2004. 

  2004. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    2005. 

  2005. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_18">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    2006. 

  2006. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#IDX4">unused attribute</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></td></tr>
    2007. 

  2007. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    2008. 

  2008. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_19">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    2009. 

  2009. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC33">value stack</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC33">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</a></td></tr>
    2010. 

  2010. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC32">value stack, introduction</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC32">8.7.2 The value stack</a></td></tr>
    2011. 

  2011. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    2012. 

  2012. <tr><th><a name="SEC36_20">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
    2013. 

  2013. <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">word directive</a></td><td valign="top"><a href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></td></tr>
    2014. 

  2014. <tr><td colspan="3"> <hr></td></tr>
    2015. 

  2015. </table>
    2016. 

  2016. <table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a href="#SEC36_0" class="summary-letter"><b>_</b></a>
    2017. 

  2017.  &nbsp; 
    2018. 

  2018. <br>
    2019. 

  2019. <a href="#SEC36_1" class="summary-letter"><b>A</b></a>
    2020. 

  2020.  &nbsp; 
    2021. 

  2021. <a href="#SEC36_2" class="summary-letter"><b>B</b></a>
    2022. 

  2022.  &nbsp; 
    2023. 

  2023. <a href="#SEC36_3" class="summary-letter"><b>C</b></a>
    2024. 

  2024.  &nbsp; 
    2025. 

  2025. <a href="#SEC36_4" class="summary-letter"><b>D</b></a>
    2026. 

  2026.  &nbsp; 
    2027. 

  2027. <a href="#SEC36_5" class="summary-letter"><b>E</b></a>
    2028. 

  2028.  &nbsp; 
    2029. 

  2029. <a href="#SEC36_6" class="summary-letter"><b>F</b></a>
    2030. 

  2030.  &nbsp; 
    2031. 

  2031. <a href="#SEC36_7" class="summary-letter"><b>G</b></a>
    2032. 

  2032.  &nbsp; 
    2033. 

  2033. <a href="#SEC36_8" class="summary-letter"><b>I</b></a>
    2034. 

  2034.  &nbsp; 
    2035. 

  2035. <a href="#SEC36_9" class="summary-letter"><b>J</b></a>
    2036. 

  2036.  &nbsp; 
    2037. 

  2037. <a href="#SEC36_10" class="summary-letter"><b>L</b></a>
    2038. 

  2038.  &nbsp; 
    2039. 

  2039. <a href="#SEC36_11" class="summary-letter"><b>M</b></a>
    2040. 

  2040.  &nbsp; 
    2041. 

  2041. <a href="#SEC36_12" class="summary-letter"><b>O</b></a>
    2042. 

  2042.  &nbsp; 
    2043. 

  2043. <a href="#SEC36_13" class="summary-letter"><b>P</b></a>
    2044. 

  2044.  &nbsp; 
    2045. 

  2045. <a href="#SEC36_14" class="summary-letter"><b>Q</b></a>
    2046. 

  2046.  &nbsp; 
    2047. 

  2047. <a href="#SEC36_15" class="summary-letter"><b>R</b></a>
    2048. 

  2048.  &nbsp; 
    2049. 

  2049. <a href="#SEC36_16" class="summary-letter"><b>S</b></a>
    2050. 

  2050.  &nbsp; 
    2051. 

  2051. <a href="#SEC36_17" class="summary-letter"><b>T</b></a>
    2052. 

  2052.  &nbsp; 
    2053. 

  2053. <a href="#SEC36_18" class="summary-letter"><b>U</b></a>
    2054. 

  2054.  &nbsp; 
    2055. 

  2055. <a href="#SEC36_19" class="summary-letter"><b>V</b></a>
    2056. 

  2056.  &nbsp; 
    2057. 

  2057. <a href="#SEC36_20" class="summary-letter"><b>W</b></a>
    2058. 

  2058.  &nbsp; 
    2059. 

  2059. </td></tr></table>
    2060. 

  2060. 

  2061. <hr size="6">
    2062. 

  2062. <a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
    2063. 

  2063. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    2064. 

  2064. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    2065. 

  2065. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    2066. 

  2066. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    2067. 

  2067. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    2068. 

  2068. </tr></table>
    2069. 

  2069. <h1>Table of Contents</h1>
    2070. 

  2070. <div class="contents">
    2071. 

  2071. 

  2072. <ul class="toc">
    2073. 

  2073.   <li><a name="TOC1" href="#SEC1">1. Introduction</a></li>
    2074. 

  2074.   <li><a name="TOC2" href="#SEC2">2. Command line invocation</a>
    2075. 

  2075.   <ul class="toc">
    2076. 

  2076.     <li><a name="TOC3" href="#SEC3">2.1 Quick start</a></li>
    2077. 

  2077.     <li><a name="TOC4" href="#SEC4">2.2 Option summary</a></li>
    2078. 

  2078.   </ul></li>
    2079. 

  2079.   <li><a name="TOC5" href="#SEC5">3. C language support</a>
    2080. 

  2080.   <ul class="toc">
    2081. 

  2081.     <li><a name="TOC6" href="#SEC6">3.1 ANSI C</a></li>
    2082. 

  2082.     <li><a name="TOC7" href="#SEC7">3.2 ISOC99 extensions</a></li>
    2083. 

  2083.     <li><a name="TOC8" href="#SEC8">3.3 GNU C extensions</a></li>
    2084. 

  2084.     <li><a name="TOC9" href="#SEC9">3.4 TinyCC extensions</a></li>
    2085. 

  2085.   </ul></li>
    2086. 

  2086.   <li><a name="TOC10" href="#SEC10">4. TinyCC Assembler</a>
    2087. 

  2087.   <ul class="toc">
    2088. 

  2088.     <li><a name="TOC11" href="#SEC11">4.1 Syntax</a></li>
    2089. 

  2089.     <li><a name="TOC12" href="#SEC12">4.2 Expressions</a></li>
    2090. 

  2090.     <li><a name="TOC13" href="#SEC13">4.3 Labels</a></li>
    2091. 

  2091.     <li><a name="TOC14" href="#SEC14">4.4 Directives</a></li>
    2092. 

  2092.     <li><a name="TOC15" href="#SEC15">4.5 X86 Assembler</a></li>
    2093. 

  2093.   </ul></li>
    2094. 

  2094.   <li><a name="TOC16" href="#SEC16">5. TinyCC Linker</a>
    2095. 

  2095.   <ul class="toc">
    2096. 

  2096.     <li><a name="TOC17" href="#SEC17">5.1 ELF file generation</a></li>
    2097. 

  2097.     <li><a name="TOC18" href="#SEC18">5.2 ELF file loader</a></li>
    2098. 

  2098.     <li><a name="TOC19" href="#SEC19">5.3 PE-i386 file generation</a></li>
    2099. 

  2099.     <li><a name="TOC20" href="#SEC20">5.4 GNU Linker Scripts</a></li>
    2100. 

  2100.   </ul></li>
    2101. 

  2101.   <li><a name="TOC21" href="#SEC21">6. TinyCC Memory and Bound checks</a></li>
    2102. 

  2102.   <li><a name="TOC22" href="#SEC22">7. The <code>libtcc</code> library</a></li>
    2103. 

  2103.   <li><a name="TOC23" href="#SEC23">8. Developer's guide</a>
    2104. 

  2104.   <ul class="toc">
    2105. 

  2105.     <li><a name="TOC24" href="#SEC24">8.1 File reading</a></li>
    2106. 

  2106.     <li><a name="TOC25" href="#SEC25">8.2 Lexer</a></li>
    2107. 

  2107.     <li><a name="TOC26" href="#SEC26">8.3 Parser</a></li>
    2108. 

  2108.     <li><a name="TOC27" href="#SEC27">8.4 Types</a></li>
    2109. 

  2109.     <li><a name="TOC28" href="#SEC28">8.5 Symbols</a></li>
    2110. 

  2110.     <li><a name="TOC29" href="#SEC29">8.6 Sections</a></li>
    2111. 

  2111.     <li><a name="TOC30" href="#SEC30">8.7 Code generation</a>
    2112. 

  2112.     <ul class="toc">
    2113. 

  2113.       <li><a name="TOC31" href="#SEC31">8.7.1 Introduction</a></li>
    2114. 

  2114.       <li><a name="TOC32" href="#SEC32">8.7.2 The value stack</a></li>
    2115. 

  2115.       <li><a name="TOC33" href="#SEC33">8.7.3 Manipulating the value stack</a></li>
    2116. 

  2116.       <li><a name="TOC34" href="#SEC34">8.7.4 CPU dependent code generation</a></li>
    2117. 

  2117.     </ul></li>
    2118. 

  2118.     <li><a name="TOC35" href="#SEC35">8.8 Optimizations done</a></li>
    2119. 

  2119.   </ul></li>
    2120. 

  2120.   <li><a name="TOC36" href="#SEC36">Concept Index</a></li>
    2121. 

  2121. </ul>
    2122. 

  2122. </div>
    2123. 

  2123. <hr size="1">
    2124. 

  2124. <a name="SEC_About"></a>
    2125. 

  2125. <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" border="0">
    2126. 

  2126. <tr><td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Top" title="Cover (top) of document">Top</a>]</td>
    2127. 

  2127. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents">Contents</a>]</td>
    2128. 

  2128. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC36" title="Index">Index</a>]</td>
    2129. 

  2129. <td valign="middle" align="left">[<a href="#SEC_About" title="About (help)"> ? </a>]</td>
    2130. 

  2130. </tr></table>
    2131. 

  2131. <h1>About This Document</h1>
    2132. 

  2132. <p>
    2133. 

  2133.   This document was generated by <em>gr</em> on <em>May, 18 2009</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.78</em></a>.
    2134. 

  2134. </p>
    2135. 

  2135. <p>
    2136. 

  2136.   The buttons in the navigation panels have the following meaning:
    2137. 

  2137. </p>
    2138. 

  2138. <table border="1">
    2139. 

  2139.   <tr>
    2140. 

  2140.     <th> Button </th>
    2141. 

  2141.     <th> Name </th>
    2142. 

  2142.     <th> Go to </th>
    2143. 

  2143.     <th> From 1.2.3 go to</th>
    2144. 

  2144.   </tr>
    2145. 

  2145.   <tr>
    2146. 

  2146.     <td align="center"> [ &lt; ] </td>
    2147. 

  2147.     <td align="center">Back</td>
    2148. 

  2148.     <td>Previous section in reading order</td>
    2149. 

  2149.     <td>1.2.2</td>
    2150. 

  2150.   </tr>
    2151. 

  2151.   <tr>
    2152. 

  2152.     <td align="center"> [ &gt; ] </td>
    2153. 

  2153.     <td align="center">Forward</td>
    2154. 

  2154.     <td>Next section in reading order</td>
    2155. 

  2155.     <td>1.2.4</td>
    2156. 

  2156.   </tr>
    2157. 

  2157.   <tr>
    2158. 

  2158.     <td align="center"> [ &lt;&lt; ] </td>
    2159. 

  2159.     <td align="center">FastBack</td>
    2160. 

  2160.     <td>Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter</td>
    2161. 

  2161.     <td>1</td>
    2162. 

  2162.   </tr>
    2163. 

  2163.   <tr>
    2164. 

  2164.     <td align="center"> [ Up ] </td>
    2165. 

  2165.     <td align="center">Up</td>
    2166. 

  2166.     <td>Up section</td>
    2167. 

  2167.     <td>1.2</td>
    2168. 

  2168.   </tr>
    2169. 

  2169.   <tr>
    2170. 

  2170.     <td align="center"> [ &gt;&gt; ] </td>
    2171. 

  2171.     <td align="center">FastForward</td>
    2172. 

  2172.     <td>Next chapter</td>
    2173. 

  2173.     <td>2</td>
    2174. 

  2174.   </tr>
    2175. 

  2175.   <tr>
    2176. 

  2176.     <td align="center"> [Top] </td>
    2177. 

  2177.     <td align="center">Top</td>
    2178. 

  2178.     <td>Cover (top) of document</td>
    2179. 

  2179.     <td> &nbsp; </td>
    2180. 

  2180.   </tr>
    2181. 

  2181.   <tr>
    2182. 

  2182.     <td align="center"> [Contents] </td>
    2183. 

  2183.     <td align="center">Contents</td>
    2184. 

  2184.     <td>Table of contents</td>
    2185. 

  2185.     <td> &nbsp; </td>
    2186. 

  2186.   </tr>
    2187. 

  2187.   <tr>
    2188. 

  2188.     <td align="center"> [Index] </td>
    2189. 

  2189.     <td align="center">Index</td>
    2190. 

  2190.     <td>Index</td>
    2191. 

  2191.     <td> &nbsp; </td>
    2192. 

  2192.   </tr>
    2193. 

  2193.   <tr>
    2194. 

  2194.     <td align="center"> [ ? ] </td>
    2195. 

  2195.     <td align="center">About</td>
    2196. 

  2196.     <td>About (help)</td>
    2197. 

  2197.     <td> &nbsp; </td>
    2198. 

  2198.   </tr>
    2199. 

  2199. </table>
    2200. 

  2200. 

  2201. <p>
    2202. 

  2202.   where the <strong> Example </strong> assumes that the current position is at <strong> Subsubsection One-Two-Three </strong> of a document of the following structure:
    2203. 

  2203. </p>
    2204. 

  2204. 

  2205. <ul>
    2206. 

  2206.   <li> 1. Section One
    2207. 

  2207.     <ul>
    2208. 

  2208.       <li>1.1 Subsection One-One
    2209. 

  2209.         <ul>
    2210. 

  2210.           <li>...</li>
    2211. 

  2211.         </ul>
    2212. 

  2212.       </li>
    2213. 

  2213.       <li>1.2 Subsection One-Two
    2214. 

  2214.         <ul>
    2215. 

  2215.           <li>1.2.1 Subsubsection One-Two-One</li>
    2216. 

  2216.           <li>1.2.2 Subsubsection One-Two-Two</li>
    2217. 

  2217.           <li>1.2.3 Subsubsection One-Two-Three &nbsp; &nbsp;
    2218. 

  2218.             <strong>&lt;== Current Position </strong></li>
    2219. 

  2219.           <li>1.2.4 Subsubsection One-Two-Four</li>
    2220. 

  2220.         </ul>
    2221. 

  2221.       </li>
    2222. 

  2222.       <li>1.3 Subsection One-Three
    2223. 

  2223.         <ul>
    2224. 

  2224.           <li>...</li>
    2225. 

  2225.         </ul>
    2226. 

  2226.       </li>
    2227. 

  2227.       <li>1.4 Subsection One-Four</li>
    2228. 

  2228.     </ul>
    2229. 

  2229.   </li>
    2230. 

  2230. </ul>
    2231. 

  2231. 

  2232. <hr size="1">
    2233. 

  2233. <p>
    2234. 

  2234.  <font size="-1">
    2235. 

  2235.   This document was generated by <em>gr</em> on <em>May, 18 2009</em> using <a href="http://www.nongnu.org/texi2html/"><em>texi2html 1.78</em></a>.
    2236. 

  2236.  </font>
    2237. 

  2237.  <br>
    2238. 

  2238. 

  2239. </p>
    2240. 

  2240. </body>
    2241. 

  2241. </html>
    2242. 

  2242.