Guile-hoot/lib/ice-9/match.scm

;;; match.scm -- portable hygienic pattern matcher
;;;
;;; Copyright (C) 2010, 2011, 2012, 2020, 2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
;;;
;;; This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
;;; modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
;;; License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
;;; version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
;;;
;;; This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
;;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
;;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
;;; Lesser General Public License for more details.
;;;
;;; You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
;;; License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
;;; Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA

;; The above license applies to the file as a whole as some code is
;; borrowed from upstream Guile, but the majority of the code falls
;; under the public domain. See below.

;; This code is written by Alex Shinn and placed in the
;; Public Domain.  All warranties are disclaimed.

;;> @example-import[(srfi 9)]

;;> This is a full superset of the popular @hyperlink[
;;> "http://www.cs.indiana.edu/scheme-repository/code.match.html"]{match}
;;> package by Andrew Wright, written in fully portable @scheme{syntax-rules}
;;> and thus preserving hygiene.

;;> The most notable extensions are the ability to use @emph{non-linear}
;;> patterns - patterns in which the same identifier occurs multiple
;;> times, tail patterns after ellipsis, and the experimental tree patterns.

;;> @subsubsection{Patterns}

;;> Patterns are written to look like the printed representation of
;;> the objects they match.  The basic usage is

;;> @scheme{(match expr (pat body ...) ...)}

;;> where the result of @var{expr} is matched against each pattern in
;;> turn, and the corresponding body is evaluated for the first to
;;> succeed.  Thus, a list of three elements matches a list of three
;;> elements.

;;> @example{(let ((ls (list 1 2 3))) (match ls ((1 2 3) #t)))}

;;> If no patterns match an error is signaled.

;;> Identifiers will match anything, and make the corresponding
;;> binding available in the body.

;;> @example{(match (list 1 2 3) ((a b c) b))}

;;> If the same identifier occurs multiple times, the first instance
;;> will match anything, but subsequent instances must match a value
;;> which is @scheme{equal?} to the first.

;;> @example{(match (list 1 2 1) ((a a b) 1) ((a b a) 2))}

;;> The special identifier @scheme{_} matches anything, no matter how
;;> many times it is used, and does not bind the result in the body.

;;> @example{(match (list 1 2 1) ((_ _ b) 1) ((a b a) 2))}

;;> To match a literal identifier (or list or any other literal), use
;;> @scheme{quote}.

;;> @example{(match 'a ('b 1) ('a 2))}

;;> Analogous to its normal usage in scheme, @scheme{quasiquote} can
;;> be used to quote a mostly literally matching object with selected
;;> parts unquoted.

;;> @example|{(match (list 1 2 3) (`(1 ,b ,c) (list b c)))}|

;;> Often you want to match any number of a repeated pattern.  Inside
;;> a list pattern you can append @scheme{...} after an element to
;;> match zero or more of that pattern (like a regexp Kleene star).

;;> @example{(match (list 1 2) ((1 2 3 ...) #t))}
;;> @example{(match (list 1 2 3) ((1 2 3 ...) #t))}
;;> @example{(match (list 1 2 3 3 3) ((1 2 3 ...) #t))}

;;> Pattern variables matched inside the repeated pattern are bound to
;;> a list of each matching instance in the body.

;;> @example{(match (list 1 2) ((a b c ...) c))}
;;> @example{(match (list 1 2 3) ((a b c ...) c))}
;;> @example{(match (list 1 2 3 4 5) ((a b c ...) c))}

;;> More than one @scheme{...} may not be used in the same list, since
;;> this would require exponential backtracking in the general case.
;;> However, @scheme{...} need not be the final element in the list,
;;> and may be succeeded by a fixed number of patterns.

;;> @example{(match (list 1 2 3 4) ((a b c ... d e) c))}
;;> @example{(match (list 1 2 3 4 5) ((a b c ... d e) c))}
;;> @example{(match (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7) ((a b c ... d e) c))}

;;> @scheme{___} is provided as an alias for @scheme{...} when it is
;;> inconvenient to use the ellipsis (as in a syntax-rules template).

;;> The @scheme{..1} syntax is exactly like the @scheme{...} except
;;> that it matches one or more repetitions (like a regexp "+").

;;> @example{(match (list 1 2) ((a b c ..1) c))}
;;> @example{(match (list 1 2 3) ((a b c ..1) c))}

;;> The boolean operators @scheme{and}, @scheme{or} and @scheme{not}
;;> can be used to group and negate patterns analogously to their
;;> Scheme counterparts.

;;> The @scheme{and} operator ensures that all subpatterns match.
;;> This operator is often used with the idiom @scheme{(and x pat)} to
;;> bind @var{x} to the entire value that matches @var{pat}
;;> (c.f. "as-patterns" in ML or Haskell).  Another common use is in
;;> conjunction with @scheme{not} patterns to match a general case
;;> with certain exceptions.

;;> @example{(match 1 ((and) #t))}
;;> @example{(match 1 ((and x) x))}
;;> @example{(match 1 ((and x 1) x))}

;;> The @scheme{or} operator ensures that at least one subpattern
;;> matches.  If the same identifier occurs in different subpatterns,
;;> it is matched independently.  All identifiers from all subpatterns
;;> are bound if the @scheme{or} operator matches, but the binding is
;;> only defined for identifiers from the subpattern which matched.

;;> @example{(match 1 ((or) #t) (else #f))}
;;> @example{(match 1 ((or x) x))}
;;> @example{(match 1 ((or x 2) x))}

;;> The @scheme{not} operator succeeds if the given pattern doesn't
;;> match.  None of the identifiers used are available in the body.

;;> @example{(match 1 ((not 2) #t))}

;;> The more general operator @scheme{?} can be used to provide a
;;> predicate.  The usage is @scheme{(? predicate pat ...)} where
;;> @var{predicate} is a Scheme expression evaluating to a predicate
;;> called on the value to match, and any optional patterns after the
;;> predicate are then matched as in an @scheme{and} pattern.

;;> @example{(match 1 ((? odd? x) x))}

;;> The field operator @scheme{=} is used to extract an arbitrary
;;> field and match against it.  It is useful for more complex or
;;> conditional destructuring that can't be more directly expressed in
;;> the pattern syntax.  The usage is @scheme{(= field pat)}, where
;;> @var{field} can be any expression, and should result in a
;;> procedure of one argument, which is applied to the value to match
;;> to generate a new value to match against @var{pat}.

;;> Thus the pattern @scheme{(and (= car x) (= cdr y))} is equivalent
;;> to @scheme{(x . y)}, except it will result in an immediate error
;;> if the value isn't a pair.

;;> @example{(match '(1 . 2) ((= car x) x))}
;;> @example{(match 4 ((= sqrt x) x))}

;;> The record operator @scheme{$} is used as a concise way to match
;;> records defined by SRFI-9 (or SRFI-99).  The usage is
;;> @scheme{($ rtd field ...)}, where @var{rtd} should be the record
;;> type descriptor specified as the first argument to
;;> @scheme{define-record-type}, and each @var{field} is a subpattern
;;> matched against the fields of the record in order.  Not all fields
;;> must be present.

;;> @example{
;;> (let ()
;;>   (define-record-type employee
;;>     (make-employee name title)
;;>     employee?
;;>     (name get-name)
;;>     (title get-title))
;;>   (match (make-employee "Bob" "Doctor")
;;>     (($ employee n t) (list t n))))
;;> }

;;> The @scheme{set!} and @scheme{get!} operators are used to bind an
;;> identifier to the setter and getter of a field, respectively.  The
;;> setter is a procedure of one argument, which mutates the field to
;;> that argument.  The getter is a procedure of no arguments which
;;> returns the current value of the field.

;;> @example{(let ((x (cons 1 2))) (match x ((1 . (set! s)) (s 3) x)))}
;;> @example{(match '(1 . 2) ((1 . (get! g)) (g)))}

;;> The new operator @scheme{***} can be used to search a tree for
;;> subpatterns.  A pattern of the form @scheme{(x *** y)} represents
;;> the subpattern @var{y} located somewhere in a tree where the path
;;> from the current object to @var{y} can be seen as a list of the
;;> form @scheme{(x ...)}.  @var{y} can immediately match the current
;;> object in which case the path is the empty list.  In a sense it's
;;> a 2-dimensional version of the @scheme{...} pattern.

;;> As a common case the pattern @scheme{(_ *** y)} can be used to
;;> search for @var{y} anywhere in a tree, regardless of the path
;;> used.

;;> @example{(match '(a (a (a b))) ((x *** 'b) x))}
;;> @example{(match '(a (b) (c (d e) (f g))) ((x *** 'g) x))}

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Notes

;; The implementation is a simple generative pattern matcher - each
;; pattern is expanded into the required tests, calling a failure
;; continuation if the tests fail.  This makes the logic easy to
;; follow and extend, but produces sub-optimal code in cases where you
;; have many similar clauses due to repeating the same tests.
;; Nonetheless a smart compiler should be able to remove the redundant
;; tests.  For MATCH-LET and DESTRUCTURING-BIND type uses there is no
;; performance hit.

;; The original version was written on 2006/11/29 and described in the
;; following Usenet post:
;;   http://groups.google.com/group/comp.lang.scheme/msg/0941234de7112ffd
;; and is still available at
;;   http://synthcode.com/scheme/match-simple.scm
;; It's just 80 lines for the core MATCH, and an extra 40 lines for
;; MATCH-LET, MATCH-LAMBDA and other syntactic sugar.
;;
;; A variant of this file which uses COND-EXPAND in a few places for
;; performance can be found at
;;   http://synthcode.com/scheme/match-cond-expand.scm
;;
;; 2021/06/21 - fix for `(a ...)' patterns where `a' is already bound
;;              (thanks to Andy Wingo)
;; 2020/09/04 - [OMITTED IN GUILE] perf fix for `not`; rename `..=', `..=', `..1' per SRFI 204
;; 2020/08/21 - [OMITTED IN GUILE] fixing match-letrec with unhygienic insertion
;; 2020/07/06 - [OMITTED IN GUILE] adding `..=' and `..=' patterns; fixing ,@ patterns
;; 2016/10/05 - [OMITTED IN GUILE] treat keywords as literals, not identifiers, in Chicken
;; 2016/03/06 - fixing named match-let (thanks to Stefan Israelsson Tampe)
;; 2015/05/09 - fixing bug in var extraction of quasiquote patterns
;; 2014/11/24 - [OMITTED IN GUILE] adding Gauche's `@' pattern for named record field matching
;; 2012/12/26 - wrapping match-let&co body in lexical closure
;; 2012/11/28 - fixing typo s/vetor/vector in largely unused set! code
;; 2012/05/23 - fixing combinatorial explosion of code in certain or patterns
;; 2011/09/25 - fixing bug when directly matching an identifier repeated in
;;              the pattern (thanks to Stefan Israelsson Tampe)
;; 2011/01/27 - fixing bug when matching tail patterns against improper lists
;; 2010/09/26 - adding `..1' patterns (thanks to Ludovic Courtès)
;; 2010/09/07 - fixing identifier extraction in some `...' and `***' patterns
;; 2009/11/25 - adding `***' tree search patterns
;; 2008/03/20 - fixing bug where (a ...) matched non-lists
;; 2008/03/15 - removing redundant check in vector patterns
;; 2008/03/06 - you can use `...' portably now (thanks to Taylor Campbell)
;; 2007/09/04 - fixing quasiquote patterns
;; 2007/07/21 - allowing ellipsis patterns in non-final list positions
;; 2007/04/10 - fixing potential hygiene issue in match-check-ellipsis
;;              (thanks to Taylor Campbell)
;; 2007/04/08 - clean up, commenting
;; 2006/12/24 - bugfixes
;; 2006/12/01 - non-linear patterns, shared variables in OR, get!/set!

(define-module (ice-9 match)
  #:pure
  #:use-module (hoot eq)
  #:use-module (hoot equal)
  #:use-module (hoot errors)
  #:use-module (hoot lists)
  #:use-module (hoot not)
  #:use-module (hoot numbers)
  #:use-module ((hoot primitives)
                #:select (%struct? %struct-vtable %struct-ref))
  #:use-module (hoot pairs)
  #:use-module (hoot syntax)
  #:use-module (hoot vectors)
  #:export (match
            match-lambda
            match-lambda*
            match-let
            match-let*
            match-letrec))

;; Support for record matching.
(define-syntax-rule (struct? obj) (%struct? obj))
(define-syntax-rule (struct-vtable struct) (%struct-vtable struct))
(define-syntax-rule (struct-ref struct i) (%struct-ref struct i))

;; slot-ref, slot-set!, is-a? borrowed from upstream Guile.
(define-syntax slot-ref
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ rtd rec n)
     (struct-ref rec n))))

(define-syntax slot-set!
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ rtd rec n value)
     (struct-set! rec n value))))

(define-syntax is-a?
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ rec rtd)
     (and (struct? rec)
          (eq? (struct-vtable rec) rtd)))))

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; force compile-time syntax errors with useful messages

(define-syntax match-syntax-error
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_) (match-syntax-error "invalid match-syntax-error usage"))))

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

;;> @subsubsection{Syntax}

;;> @subsubsubsection{@rawcode{(match expr (pattern . body) ...)@br{}
;;> (match expr (pattern (=> failure) . body) ...)}}

;;> The result of @var{expr} is matched against each @var{pattern} in
;;> turn, according to the pattern rules described in the previous
;;> section, until the the first @var{pattern} matches.  When a match is
;;> found, the corresponding @var{body}s are evaluated in order,
;;> and the result of the last expression is returned as the result
;;> of the entire @scheme{match}.  If a @var{failure} is provided,
;;> then it is bound to a procedure of no arguments which continues,
;;> processing at the next @var{pattern}.  If no @var{pattern} matches,
;;> an error is signaled.

;; The basic interface.  MATCH just performs some basic syntax
;; validation, binds the match expression to a temporary variable `v',
;; and passes it on to MATCH-NEXT.  It's a constant throughout the
;; code below that the binding `v' is a direct variable reference, not
;; an expression.

(define-syntax match
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((match)
     (match-syntax-error "missing match expression"))
    ((match atom)
     (match-syntax-error "no match clauses"))
    ((match (app ...) (pat . body) ...)
     (let ((v (app ...)))
       (match-next v ((app ...) (set! (app ...))) (pat . body) ...)))
    ((match #(vec ...) (pat . body) ...)
     (let ((v #(vec ...)))
       (match-next v (v (set! v)) (pat . body) ...)))
    ((match atom (pat . body) ...)
     (let ((v atom))
       (match-next v (atom (set! atom)) (pat . body) ...)))
    ))

;; MATCH-NEXT passes each clause to MATCH-ONE in turn with its failure
;; thunk, which is expanded by recursing MATCH-NEXT on the remaining
;; clauses.  `g+s' is a list of two elements, the get! and set!
;; expressions respectively.

(define-syntax match-next
  (syntax-rules (=>)
    ;; no more clauses, the match failed
    ((match-next v g+s)
     ;; Here we call error in non-tail context, so that the backtrace
     ;; can show the source location of the failing match form.
     (begin
       (raise (make-match-error v))
       #f))
    ;; named failure continuation
    ((match-next v g+s (pat (=> failure) . body) . rest)
     (let ((failure (lambda () (match-next v g+s . rest))))
       ;; match-one analyzes the pattern for us
       (match-one v pat g+s (match-drop-ids (begin . body)) (failure) ())))
    ;; anonymous failure continuation, give it a dummy name
    ((match-next v g+s (pat . body) . rest)
     (match-next v g+s (pat (=> failure) . body) . rest))))

;; MATCH-ONE first checks for ellipsis patterns, otherwise passes on to
;; MATCH-TWO.

(define-syntax match-one
  (syntax-rules ()
    ;; If it's a list of two or more values, check to see if the
    ;; second one is an ellipsis and handle accordingly, otherwise go
    ;; to MATCH-TWO.
    ((match-one v (p q . r) g+s sk fk i)
     (match-check-ellipsis
      q
      (match-extract-vars p (match-gen-ellipsis v p r  g+s sk fk i) i ())
      (match-two v (p q . r) g+s sk fk i)))
    ;; Go directly to MATCH-TWO.
    ((match-one . x)
     (match-two . x))))

;; This is the guts of the pattern matcher.  We are passed a lot of
;; information in the form:
;;
;;   (match-two var pattern getter setter success-k fail-k (ids ...))
;;
;; usually abbreviated
;;
;;   (match-two v p g+s sk fk i)
;;
;; where VAR is the symbol name of the current variable we are
;; matching, PATTERN is the current pattern, getter and setter are the
;; corresponding accessors (e.g. CAR and SET-CAR! of the pair holding
;; VAR), SUCCESS-K is the success continuation, FAIL-K is the failure
;; continuation (which is just a thunk call and is thus safe to expand
;; multiple times) and IDS are the list of identifiers bound in the
;; pattern so far.

(define-syntax match-two
  (syntax-rules (_ ___ ..1 *** quote quasiquote ? $ = and or not set! get!)
    ((match-two v () g+s (sk ...) fk i)
     (if (null? v) (sk ... i) fk))
    ((match-two v (quote p) g+s (sk ...) fk i)
     (if (equal? v 'p) (sk ... i) fk))
    ((match-two v (quasiquote p) . x)
     (match-quasiquote v p . x))
    ((match-two v (and) g+s (sk ...) fk i) (sk ... i))
    ((match-two v (and p q ...) g+s sk fk i)
     (match-one v p g+s (match-one v (and q ...) g+s sk fk) fk i))
    ((match-two v (or) g+s sk fk i) fk)
    ((match-two v (or p) . x)
     (match-one v p . x))
    ((match-two v (or p ...) g+s sk fk i)
     (match-extract-vars (or p ...) (match-gen-or v (p ...) g+s sk fk i) i ()))
    ((match-two v (not p) g+s (sk ...) fk i)
     (match-one v p g+s (match-drop-ids fk) (sk ... i) i))
    ((match-two v (get! getter) (g s) (sk ...) fk i)
     (let ((getter (lambda () g))) (sk ... i)))
    ((match-two v (set! setter) (g (s ...)) (sk ...) fk i)
     (let ((setter (lambda (x) (s ... x)))) (sk ... i)))
    ((match-two v (? pred . p) g+s sk fk i)
     (if (pred v) (match-one v (and . p) g+s sk fk i) fk))
    ((match-two v (= proc p) . x)
     (let ((w (proc v))) (match-one w p . x)))
    ((match-two v (p ___ . r) g+s sk fk i)
     (match-extract-vars p (match-gen-ellipsis v p r g+s sk fk i) i ()))
    ((match-two v (p) g+s sk fk i)
     (if (and (pair? v) (null? (cdr v)))
         (let ((w (car v)))
           (match-one w p ((car v) (set-car! v)) sk fk i))
         fk))
    ((match-two v (p *** q) g+s sk fk i)
     (match-extract-vars p (match-gen-search v p q g+s sk fk i) i ()))
    ((match-two v (p *** . q) g+s sk fk i)
     (match-syntax-error "invalid use of ***" (p *** . q)))
    ((match-two v (p ..1) g+s sk fk i)
     (if (pair? v)
         (match-one v (p ___) g+s sk fk i)
         fk))
    ((match-two v ($ rec p ...) g+s sk fk i)
     (if (is-a? v rec)
         (match-record-refs v rec 0 (p ...) g+s sk fk i)
         fk))
    ((match-two v (p . q) g+s sk fk i)
     (if (pair? v)
         (let ((w (car v)) (x (cdr v)))
           (match-one w p ((car v) (set-car! v))
                      (match-one x q ((cdr v) (set-cdr! v)) sk fk)
                      fk
                      i))
         fk))
    ((match-two v #(p ...) g+s . x)
     (match-vector v 0 () (p ...) . x))
    ((match-two v _ g+s (sk ...) fk i) (sk ... i))
    ;; Not a pair or vector or special literal, test to see if it's a
    ;; new symbol, in which case we just bind it, or if it's an
    ;; already bound symbol or some other literal, in which case we
    ;; compare it with EQUAL?.
    ((match-two v x g+s (sk ...) fk (id ...))
     (let-syntax
         ((new-sym?
           (syntax-rules (id ...)
             ((new-sym? x sk2 fk2) sk2)
             ((new-sym? y sk2 fk2) fk2))))
       (new-sym? random-sym-to-match
                 (let ((x v)) (sk ... (id ... x)))
                 (if (equal? v x) (sk ... (id ...)) fk))))
    ))

;; QUASIQUOTE patterns

(define-syntax match-quasiquote
  (syntax-rules (unquote unquote-splicing quasiquote)
    ((_ v (unquote p) g+s sk fk i)
     (match-one v p g+s sk fk i))
    ((_ v ((unquote-splicing p) . rest) g+s sk fk i)
     (if (pair? v)
         (match-one v
                    (p . tmp)
                    (match-quasiquote tmp rest g+s sk fk)
                    fk
                    i)
         fk))
    ((_ v (quasiquote p) g+s sk fk i . depth)
     (match-quasiquote v p g+s sk fk i #f . depth))
    ((_ v (unquote p) g+s sk fk i x . depth)
     (match-quasiquote v p g+s sk fk i . depth))
    ((_ v (unquote-splicing p) g+s sk fk i x . depth)
     (match-quasiquote v p g+s sk fk i . depth))
    ((_ v (p . q) g+s sk fk i . depth)
     (if (pair? v)
         (let ((w (car v)) (x (cdr v)))
           (match-quasiquote
            w p g+s
            (match-quasiquote-step x q g+s sk fk depth)
            fk i . depth))
         fk))
    ((_ v #(elt ...) g+s sk fk i . depth)
     (if (vector? v)
         (let ((ls (vector->list v)))
           (match-quasiquote ls (elt ...) g+s sk fk i . depth))
         fk))
    ((_ v x g+s sk fk i . depth)
     (match-one v 'x g+s sk fk i))))

(define-syntax match-quasiquote-step
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((match-quasiquote-step x q g+s sk fk depth i)
     (match-quasiquote x q g+s sk fk i . depth))))

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Utilities

;; Takes two values and just expands into the first.
(define-syntax match-drop-ids
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ expr ids ...) expr)))

(define-syntax match-tuck-ids
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ (letish args (expr ...)) ids ...)
     (letish args (expr ... ids ...)))))

(define-syntax match-drop-first-arg
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ arg expr) expr)))

;; To expand an OR group we try each clause in succession, passing the
;; first that succeeds to the success continuation.  On failure for
;; any clause, we just try the next clause, finally resorting to the
;; failure continuation fk if all clauses fail.  The only trick is
;; that we want to unify the identifiers, so that the success
;; continuation can refer to a variable from any of the OR clauses.

(define-syntax match-gen-or
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ v p g+s (sk ...) fk (i ...) ((id id-ls) ...))
     (let ((sk2 (lambda (id ...) (sk ... (i ... id ...)))))
       (match-gen-or-step v p g+s (match-drop-ids (sk2 id ...)) fk (i ...))))))

(define-syntax match-gen-or-step
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ v () g+s sk fk . x)
     ;; no OR clauses, call the failure continuation
     fk)
    ((_ v (p) . x)
     ;; last (or only) OR clause, just expand normally
     (match-one v p . x))
    ((_ v (p . q) g+s sk fk i)
     ;; match one and try the remaining on failure
     (let ((fk2 (lambda () (match-gen-or-step v q g+s sk fk i))))
       (match-one v p g+s sk (fk2) i)))
    ))

;; We match a pattern (p ...) by matching the pattern p in a loop on
;; each element of the variable, accumulating the bound ids into lists.

;; Look at the body of the simple case - it's just a named let loop,
;; matching each element in turn to the same pattern.  The only trick
;; is that we want to keep track of the lists of each extracted id, so
;; when the loop recurses we cons the ids onto their respective list
;; variables, and on success we bind the ids (what the user input and
;; expects to see in the success body) to the reversed accumulated
;; list IDs.

(define-syntax match-gen-ellipsis
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ v p () g+s (sk ...) fk i ((id id-ls) ...))
     (match-check-identifier p
                             ;; simplest case equivalent to (p ...), just bind the list
                             (let ((w v))
                               (if (list? w)
                                   (match-one w p g+s (sk ...) fk i)
                                   fk))
                             ;; simple case, match all elements of the list
                             (let loop ((ls v) (id-ls '()) ...)
                               (cond
                                ((null? ls)
                                 (let ((id (reverse id-ls)) ...) (sk ... i)))
                                ((pair? ls)
                                 (let ((w (car ls)))
                                   (match-one w p ((car ls) (set-car! ls))
                                              (match-drop-ids (loop (cdr ls) (cons id id-ls) ...))
                                              fk i)))
                                (else
                                 fk)))))
    ((_ v p r g+s sk fk (i ...) ((id id-ls) ...))
     (match-verify-no-ellipsis
      r
      (match-bound-identifier-memv
       p
       (i ...)
       ;; p is bound, match the list up to the known length, then
       ;; match the trailing patterns
       (let loop ((ls v) (expect p))
         (cond
          ((null? expect)
           (match-one ls r (#f #f) sk fk (i ...)))
          ((pair? ls)
           (let ((w (car ls))
                 (e (car expect)))
             (if (equal? (car ls) (car expect))
                 (match-drop-ids (loop (cdr ls) (cdr expect)))
                 fk)))
          (else
           fk)))
       ;; general case, trailing patterns to match, keep track of the
       ;; remaining list length so we don't need any backtracking
       (let* ((tail-len (length 'r))
              (ls v)
              (len (and (list? ls) (length ls))))
         (if (or (not len) (< len tail-len))
             fk
             (let loop ((ls ls) (n len) (id-ls '()) ...)
               (cond
                ((= n tail-len)
                 (let ((id (reverse id-ls)) ...)
                   (match-one ls r (#f #f) sk fk (i ... id ...))))
                ((pair? ls)
                 (let ((w (car ls)))
                   (match-one w p ((car ls) (set-car! ls))
                              (match-drop-ids
                               (loop (cdr ls) (- n 1) (cons id id-ls) ...))
                              fk
                              (i ...))))
                (else
                 fk))))))))))

;; This is just a safety check.  Although unlike syntax-rules we allow
;; trailing patterns after an ellipsis, we explicitly disable multiple
;; ellipses at the same level.  This is because in the general case
;; such patterns are exponential in the number of ellipses, and we
;; don't want to make it easy to construct very expensive operations
;; with simple looking patterns.  For example, it would be O(n^2) for
;; patterns like (a ... b ...) because we must consider every trailing
;; element for every possible break for the leading "a ...".

(define-syntax match-verify-no-ellipsis
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ (x . y) sk)
     (match-check-ellipsis
      x
      (match-syntax-error
       "multiple ellipsis patterns not allowed at same level")
      (match-verify-no-ellipsis y sk)))
    ((_ () sk)
     sk)
    ((_ x sk)
     (match-syntax-error "dotted tail not allowed after ellipsis" x))))

;; To implement the tree search, we use two recursive procedures.  TRY
;; attempts to match Y once, and on success it calls the normal SK on
;; the accumulated list ids as in MATCH-GEN-ELLIPSIS.  On failure, we
;; call NEXT which first checks if the current value is a list
;; beginning with X, then calls TRY on each remaining element of the
;; list.  Since TRY will recursively call NEXT again on failure, this
;; effects a full depth-first search.
;;
;; The failure continuation throughout is a jump to the next step in
;; the tree search, initialized with the original failure continuation
;; FK.

(define-syntax match-gen-search
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((match-gen-search v p q g+s sk fk i ((id id-ls) ...))
     (letrec ((try (lambda (w fail id-ls ...)
                     (match-one w q g+s
                                (match-tuck-ids
                                 (let ((id (reverse id-ls)) ...)
                                   sk))
                                (next w fail id-ls ...) i)))
              (next (lambda (w fail id-ls ...)
                      (if (not (pair? w))
                          (fail)
                          (let ((u (car w)))
                            (match-one
                             u p ((car w) (set-car! w))
                             (match-drop-ids
                              ;; accumulate the head variables from
                              ;; the p pattern, and loop over the tail
                              (let ((id-ls (cons id id-ls)) ...)
                                (let lp ((ls (cdr w)))
                                  (if (pair? ls)
                                      (try (car ls)
                                           (lambda () (lp (cdr ls)))
                                           id-ls ...)
                                      (fail)))))
                             (fail) i))))))
       ;; the initial id-ls binding here is a dummy to get the right
       ;; number of '()s
       (let ((id-ls '()) ...)
         (try v (lambda () fk) id-ls ...))))))

;; Vector patterns are just more of the same, with the slight
;; exception that we pass around the current vector index being
;; matched.

(define-syntax match-vector
  (syntax-rules (___)
    ((_ v n pats (p q) . x)
     (match-check-ellipsis q
                           (match-gen-vector-ellipsis v n pats p . x)
                           (match-vector-two v n pats (p q) . x)))
    ((_ v n pats (p ___) sk fk i)
     (match-gen-vector-ellipsis v n pats p sk fk i))
    ((_ . x)
     (match-vector-two . x))))

;; Check the exact vector length, then check each element in turn.

(define-syntax match-vector-two
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ v n ((pat index) ...) () sk fk i)
     (if (vector? v)
         (let ((len (vector-length v)))
           (if (= len n)
               (match-vector-step v ((pat index) ...) sk fk i)
               fk))
         fk))
    ((_ v n (pats ...) (p . q) . x)
     (match-vector v (+ n 1) (pats ... (p n)) q . x))))

(define-syntax match-vector-step
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ v () (sk ...) fk i) (sk ... i))
    ((_ v ((pat index) . rest) sk fk i)
     (let ((w (vector-ref v index)))
       (match-one w pat ((vector-ref v index) (vector-set! v index))
                  (match-vector-step v rest sk fk)
                  fk i)))))

;; With a vector ellipsis pattern we first check to see if the vector
;; length is at least the required length.

(define-syntax match-gen-vector-ellipsis
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ v n ((pat index) ...) p sk fk i)
     (if (vector? v)
         (let ((len (vector-length v)))
           (if (>= len n)
               (match-vector-step v ((pat index) ...)
                                  (match-vector-tail v p n len sk fk)
                                  fk i)
               fk))
         fk))))

(define-syntax match-vector-tail
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ v p n len sk fk i)
     (match-extract-vars p (match-vector-tail-two v p n len sk fk i) i ()))))

(define-syntax match-vector-tail-two
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ v p n len (sk ...) fk i ((id id-ls) ...))
     (let loop ((j n) (id-ls '()) ...)
       (if (>= j len)
           (let ((id (reverse id-ls)) ...) (sk ... i))
           (let ((w (vector-ref v j)))
             (match-one w p ((vector-ref v j) (vector-set! v j))
                        (match-drop-ids (loop (+ j 1) (cons id id-ls) ...))
                        fk i)))))))

(define-syntax match-record-refs
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ v rec n (p . q) g+s sk fk i)
     (let ((w (slot-ref rec v n)))
       (match-one w p ((slot-ref rec v n) (slot-set! rec v n))
                  (match-record-refs v rec (+ n 1) q g+s sk fk) fk i)))
    ((_ v rec n () g+s (sk ...) fk i)
     (sk ... i))))

;; Extract all identifiers in a pattern.  A little more complicated
;; than just looking for symbols, we need to ignore special keywords
;; and non-pattern forms (such as the predicate expression in ?
;; patterns), and also ignore previously bound identifiers.
;;
;; Calls the continuation with all new vars as a list of the form
;; ((orig-var tmp-name) ...), where tmp-name can be used to uniquely
;; pair with the original variable (e.g. it's used in the ellipsis
;; generation for list variables).
;;
;; (match-extract-vars pattern continuation (ids ...) (new-vars ...))

(define-syntax match-extract-vars
  (syntax-rules (_ ___ ..1 *** ? $ = quote quasiquote and or not get! set!)
    ((match-extract-vars (? pred . p) . x)
     (match-extract-vars p . x))
    ((match-extract-vars ($ rec . p) . x)
     (match-extract-vars p . x))
    ((match-extract-vars (= proc p) . x)
     (match-extract-vars p . x))
    ((match-extract-vars (quote x) (k ...) i v)
     (k ... v))
    ((match-extract-vars (quasiquote x) k i v)
     (match-extract-quasiquote-vars x k i v (#t)))
    ((match-extract-vars (and . p) . x)
     (match-extract-vars p . x))
    ((match-extract-vars (or . p) . x)
     (match-extract-vars p . x))
    ((match-extract-vars (not . p) . x)
     (match-extract-vars p . x))
    ;; A non-keyword pair, expand the CAR with a continuation to
    ;; expand the CDR.
    ((match-extract-vars (p q . r) k i v)
     (match-check-ellipsis
      q
      (match-extract-vars (p . r) k i v)
      (match-extract-vars p (match-extract-vars-step (q . r) k i v) i ())))
    ((match-extract-vars (p . q) k i v)
     (match-extract-vars p (match-extract-vars-step q k i v) i ()))
    ((match-extract-vars #(p ...) . x)
     (match-extract-vars (p ...) . x))
    ((match-extract-vars _ (k ...) i v)    (k ... v))
    ((match-extract-vars ___ (k ...) i v)  (k ... v))
    ((match-extract-vars *** (k ...) i v)  (k ... v))
    ((match-extract-vars ..1 (k ...) i v)  (k ... v))
    ;; This is the main part, the only place where we might add a new
    ;; var if it's an unbound symbol.
    ((match-extract-vars p (k ...) (i ...) v)
     (let-syntax
         ((new-sym?
           (syntax-rules (i ...)
             ((new-sym? p sk fk) sk)
             ((new-sym? any sk fk) fk))))
       (new-sym? random-sym-to-match
                 (k ... ((p p-ls) . v))
                 (k ... v))))
    ))

;; Stepper used in the above so it can expand the CAR and CDR
;; separately.

(define-syntax match-extract-vars-step
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ p k i v ((v2 v2-ls) ...))
     (match-extract-vars p k (v2 ... . i) ((v2 v2-ls) ... . v)))
    ))

(define-syntax match-extract-quasiquote-vars
  (syntax-rules (quasiquote unquote unquote-splicing)
    ((match-extract-quasiquote-vars (quasiquote x) k i v d)
     (match-extract-quasiquote-vars x k i v (#t . d)))
    ((match-extract-quasiquote-vars (unquote-splicing x) k i v d)
     (match-extract-quasiquote-vars (unquote x) k i v d))
    ((match-extract-quasiquote-vars (unquote x) k i v (#t))
     (match-extract-vars x k i v))
    ((match-extract-quasiquote-vars (unquote x) k i v (#t . d))
     (match-extract-quasiquote-vars x k i v d))
    ((match-extract-quasiquote-vars (x . y) k i v d)
     (match-extract-quasiquote-vars
      x
      (match-extract-quasiquote-vars-step y k i v d) i () d))
    ((match-extract-quasiquote-vars #(x ...) k i v d)
     (match-extract-quasiquote-vars (x ...) k i v d))
    ((match-extract-quasiquote-vars x (k ...) i v d)
     (k ... v))
    ))

(define-syntax match-extract-quasiquote-vars-step
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ x k i v d ((v2 v2-ls) ...))
     (match-extract-quasiquote-vars x k (v2 ... . i) ((v2 v2-ls) ... . v) d))
    ))


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Gimme some sugar baby.

;;> Shortcut for @scheme{lambda} + @scheme{match}.  Creates a
;;> procedure of one argument, and matches that argument against each
;;> clause.

(define-syntax match-lambda
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ (pattern . body) ...) (lambda (expr) (match expr (pattern . body) ...)))))

;;> Similar to @scheme{match-lambda}.  Creates a procedure of any
;;> number of arguments, and matches the argument list against each
;;> clause.

(define-syntax match-lambda*
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ (pattern . body) ...) (lambda expr (match expr (pattern . body) ...)))))

;;> Matches each var to the corresponding expression, and evaluates
;;> the body with all match variables in scope.  Raises an error if
;;> any of the expressions fail to match.  Syntax analogous to named
;;> let can also be used for recursive functions which match on their
;;> arguments as in @scheme{match-lambda*}.

(define-syntax match-let
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ ((var value) ...) . body)
     (match-let/helper let () () ((var value) ...) . body))
    ((_ loop ((var init) ...) . body)
     (match-named-let loop () ((var init) ...) . body))))

;;> Similar to @scheme{match-let}, but analogously to @scheme{letrec}
;;> matches and binds the variables with all match variables in scope.

(define-syntax match-letrec
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ ((var value) ...) . body)
     (match-let/helper letrec () () ((var value) ...) . body))))

(define-syntax match-let/helper
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ let ((var expr) ...) () () . body)
     (let ((var expr) ...) . body))
    ((_ let ((var expr) ...) ((pat tmp) ...) () . body)
     (let ((var expr) ...)
       (match-let* ((pat tmp) ...)
         . body)))
    ((_ let (v ...) (p ...) (((a . b) expr) . rest) . body)
     (match-let/helper
      let (v ... (tmp expr)) (p ... ((a . b) tmp)) rest . body))
    ((_ let (v ...) (p ...) ((#(a ...) expr) . rest) . body)
     (match-let/helper
      let (v ... (tmp expr)) (p ... (#(a ...) tmp)) rest . body))
    ((_ let (v ...) (p ...) ((a expr) . rest) . body)
     (match-let/helper let (v ... (a expr)) (p ...) rest . body))))

(define-syntax match-named-let
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ loop ((pat expr var) ...) () . body)
     (let loop ((var expr) ...)
       (match-let ((pat var) ...)
         . body)))
    ((_ loop (v ...) ((pat expr) . rest) . body)
     (match-named-let loop (v ... (pat expr tmp)) rest . body))))

;;> @subsubsubsection{@rawcode{(match-let* ((var value) ...) body ...)}}

;;> Similar to @scheme{match-let}, but analogously to @scheme{let*}
;;> matches and binds the variables in sequence, with preceding match
;;> variables in scope.

(define-syntax match-let*
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((_ () . body)
     (let () . body))
    ((_ ((pat expr) . rest) . body)
     (match expr (pat (match-let* rest . body))))))


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Otherwise COND-EXPANDed bits.

;; This *should* work, but doesn't :(
;;   (define-syntax match-check-ellipsis
;;     (syntax-rules (...)
;;       ((_ ... sk fk) sk)
;;       ((_ x sk fk) fk)))

;; This is a little more complicated, and introduces a new let-syntax,
;; but should work portably in any R[56]RS Scheme.  Taylor Campbell
;; originally came up with the idea.
(define-syntax match-check-ellipsis
  (syntax-rules ()
    ;; these two aren't necessary but provide fast-case failures
    ((match-check-ellipsis (a . b) success-k failure-k) failure-k)
    ((match-check-ellipsis #(a ...) success-k failure-k) failure-k)
    ;; matching an atom
    ((match-check-ellipsis id success-k failure-k)
     (let-syntax ((ellipsis? (syntax-rules ()
                               ;; iff `id' is `...' here then this will
                               ;; match a list of any length
                               ((ellipsis? (foo id) sk fk) sk)
                               ((ellipsis? other sk fk) fk))))
       ;; this list of three elements will only match the (foo id) list
       ;; above if `id' is `...'
       (ellipsis? (a b c) success-k failure-k)))))


;; This is portable but can be more efficient with non-portable
;; extensions.  This trick was originally discovered by Oleg Kiselyov.

(define-syntax match-check-identifier
  (syntax-rules ()
    ;; fast-case failures, lists and vectors are not identifiers
    ((_ (x . y) success-k failure-k) failure-k)
    ((_ #(x ...) success-k failure-k) failure-k)
    ;; x is an atom
    ((_ x success-k failure-k)
     (let-syntax
         ((sym?
           (syntax-rules ()
             ;; if the symbol `abracadabra' matches x, then x is a
             ;; symbol
             ((sym? x sk fk) sk)
             ;; otherwise x is a non-symbol datum
             ((sym? y sk fk) fk))))
       (sym? abracadabra success-k failure-k)))))

(define-syntax match-bound-identifier-memv
  (syntax-rules ()
    ((match-bound-identifier-memv a (id ...) sk fk)
     (match-check-identifier
      a
      (let-syntax
          ((memv?
            (syntax-rules (id ...)
              ((memv? a sk2 fk2) fk2)
              ((memv? anything-else sk2 fk2) sk2))))
        (memv? random-sym-to-match sk fk))
      fk))))