
Western Civilization
Final Exam
Tuesday, June 23, 1998
Question:
What were the causes of the World War II? Do you believe that the war could have been prevented? Why or Why not?
After the fall of the Weimar government, and the rise to power of the National Socialists headed by Adolph Hitler, Germany underwent huge transformations. One of the largest of these was the change in foreign policy. Between the years of 1933 and 1936, while the Nazis began to consolidate their power, Hitler’s foreign policy was one of appeasement. Germany did what ever it could to keep peace and tensions low between itself and Great Britain, Italy and the USSR. Germany used this appeasement to keep peace long enough to fully gain control of the country. After 1936, their policy changed.
Nazi Germany’s foreign policy towards Great Britain was “do what ever it takes to keep them happy”. Germany wasn’t ready to have them as an enemy yet. Hitler felt that the longer he had to prepare for war the better. One of the friendly agreements was the allowing of the British rearmament by Germany. This was the first time that Germany tried to drive a wedge between France and Great Britain. Hitler offered to concede substantial rearmament to Great Britain, while also subtly hinting to both Italy and Great Britain to combine forces against France. Great Britain did not take up Hitler’s proposals, but he did not abandon his efforts. 
In 1934, Germany formally began to talk with Great Britain, and they agreed on the Naval Accords in May. These accords were a smart move by Hitler, because he gained power for Germany while, at the same time, making Great Britain feel more powerful. What the Navel Accords did was set up the amounts of which each country could have a navy. At that time, the British navy was by far the strongest, having twice the amount of its nearest competitor, France. The British fleet controlled the Mediterranean, and Hitler was jealous of this incredible power. 
Hitler agree in May that the German naval fleet would only build up to 35% of the British fleet. To Britain, this seem like a confession of inferiority, because Germany was admitting to be only 35% of Great Britain. But to Germany, this was a way to rearm themselves to the point of where they were only slightly behind their enemies, the French. Hitler knew that German forces could defeat the French on land, but by sea, they needed to build. But to build a strong navy would anger the British. However, Hitler found a way to do both.
The discussions between Germany and Great Britain continue in 1935. In March, Hitler and Von Ribbentrop met with Simon and Eden from Great Britain. At first, Britain wanted desperately to tie down the Germans by having them become a member of the League of Nations. The British wanted any German aggression in the future to be punishable by international law. This way, it would be the world’s problem if the Germans attached France, not just Great Britain’s and France’s, like in World War I. It was obviously not in Hitler or Germany’s best interests to join the League of Nations, but again Germany felt much more freedom in bilateral agreements, ones which only involve two countries. Instead of rejecting the “invitation”, Germany using very clever diplomatic technique, replied by offering one such bilateral agreement, in which Germany would gain colonial power, along with a sphere of preservation. They also used negotiating power to postpone all binding treaties. While the provisions of the agreement were never fully carried out it is important to understand that Germany, was not subservient to Great Britain, certainly attempted to reduce tensions, even to the point of an alliance against France. By 1936, Hitler had successfully brought Germany closer to Great Britain using many valuable diplomatic techniques.
Great Britian was not the only country to be appeased by Nazi Germany. Italy, too, was an important link in Nazi foreign policy. Hitler knew that Germany could not survive another two and possibly three front war. Hitler was forced to give up one or more of these borders, and gain an alley as well. He chose Italy. Italy had been fascist since 1921, and had grown tremendously since then. Hitler also knew that Italy was strong enough to hold its own, but not strong enough to make a difference in the coming war, if the actions of World War I were repeated. In 1936, the two leaders Hitler and Benito Mussolini, met and signed what was called the Axis Agreement. According to the agreement, Rome and Berlin were the strongest cities in Europe, and therefore acted as an axis for all other powers to revolve around. This treaty was a loose agreement, which held the two countries together until the Pact of Steel was signed in1939. Hitler, here, alleviated any possibility of there being a southern front.
There were more than political reasons that Germany was appeasing towards Italy. The two nations had a type of brotherhood, thanks to their leaders. Mussolini had been the fascist leader of Italy for 12 years and his system became the blueprint for Hitler’s system. The two leaders felt connected, being two fascist leaders in a world of communists and capitalists. Hitler learned how to effectively run a fascist regime. An example of this is when Germany began to invade Austria in 1934, and Italian troops marched along the Brenner Pass and pushed them back. Hitler tested his limits and Mussolini proved Italy’s power. Germany made sure not to increase tensions too much. German-Italian relations were very important to Hitler because Italy was the perfect candidate for an alliance, which explains his emphasis on peaceful policies.
Nazi Germany was faced with the same dilemma that pre-World War I leaders were, encirclement. The Germans were faced with the French on the west, and the Russians on the east, To alleviate this problem was to form some sort of alliance with one of the two. A Fraco-German alliance was completely out of the question, the two nations were too culturally different. Hitler was then faced with the need to appease the USSR. The Weimer government had began such a process in the Treaty of Rapallo. In this treaty, both counties received what they needed most, for Germany it was jobs and a place to sell goods, and for the USSR is was a reliable source of quality goods. Hitler felt that that it was completely necessary to continue this treaty for two main reasons. The first reason was that the Germans needed a place to train their men. Under the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler could not train large amounts of men with new technology in Germany. Hitler sent troops over to the USSR, where they would train using both Soviet and German technology. In this way, the treaty would still be kept, and the German military would not be outdated. The second reason was caused by the alliance with Great Britain. Hitler felt that is would be impossible to simultaneously seek an alliance with Great Britain while also trying to win colonies. Germany need new territory and resources for her surplus population, and without colonies, this would be impossible. Hitler came up with a solution, which would give Germany her needed living space. Hitler proposed to seek living space in the USSR. By doing this, he felt, Germany would not only have an outlet for people, soldiers, and goods, but also it would bring the two nations together.
Germany was also faced with the problems that the Weimar Government was faced with. The biggest of these was the Treaty of Versailles. Not only did the treaty both humiliate and put to shame Germany, but also it devastated them economically. One of the first things that the Nazi government did in 1933 was begin to free Germany from this treaty. The treaty stated that the German land army could only consist of 100,000 men. This was very few compared to Germany’s neighbors, which had millions of troops at their disposal. Hitler found a way to get around this, and it was by having men who wanted to join the German army, join the SA or the SS. These armies were not technically the German army, so the actual German army did have less than the amount stated. Another way that Hitler began to nullify the treaty was to regain land lost by it. Two examples of this are the Saar mines and the Rhineland. After the Treaty of Versailles, Germany lost both of these area and since 1919 the German people wanted them back. The Saar mines were extremely productive coalmines and the Rhineland was a fertile area used by Germany. When Hitler regained both of these areas he (Germany) was in direct violation of the treaty. This was part of Hitler’s plan to make Germany strong, his priority was to make Germany a world power. 
The treaty of Versailles hurt Germany militarily, but more importantly, it hurt them economically. Germany was forced to pay for the entire war, which was an incredible high amount, in which it could not possibly repay. The Weimer government struggled a great deal, having to struggle through the crisis of 1923, were the French demanded payment that Germany just did not have. When the Nazis took control in 1933, it was a very different story. The Nazi had no binding obligation to the treaty. Hitler did not sign the Treaty of Versailles, neither did any Nazi, so it was generally felt that they should hot have to conform their government to fit it. Even with the help of the Dawes Plan and the Young Plan the debt was far too much for Germany to pay, so Hitler refused to pay it. He stated that the Weimar government signed for the debt, and that the treaty died with the Weimar government.
The government of Nazi Germany was not a popular one, internationally speaking. In 1933, the British, French and the Americans openly stated their discomfort in the Nazi seizure of power, this becomes a serious problem for Hitler. Without allies, the Nazis would surely fail. It is here that Hitler used his diplomatic skills to make other countries forget the past. Hitler began with Great Britain, encouraging British rearmament, along with fortifying Great Britain’s understanding that they possessed the strongest navy in Europe. Hitler did the same with Italy, wooing them with the possibility of Germany and Italy taking over Europe. It was also clear that Hitler needed an ally to the east, and therefore began to ally with the USSR. Although his attitude changed, and many of his “allies” became enemies, there was one country whose fate was never in question, France. Hitler and all Germans were French-phobic due to the seizure of German lands in the Treaty of Versailles.
Germany before 1936 had a one-track foreign policy that was required under the circumstance. It consisted of friendliness towards former enemies, Great Britain, the USSR, and Italy. Even though Hitler’s policy was one of appeasement, it more often was a planned gamble. So many problems faced the Nazis, they were forced to take a divide and conquer attitude in both foreign and domestic policy. The new Nazi government had a tremendous amount of domestic issues to deal with up until 1936, and the foreign policy that was issued was the best time saver possible. The Nazis successfully gained control of the country and at that time, the policy became the opposite, one of complete aggression, finally leading to World War II. The foreign policy was a prelude to the aggressive, militaristic policy of the Nazis after 1936.
I believe that that the war could have been prevented had Neville Chamberlin, the British Prime minister not been so afraid of war. If he had confronted Hitler earlier and stopped tying to appease him it would have stopped Hitler in his tracks. 
If the reparations against Germany with the Treaty of Versailles weren’t so astronomical maybe the revenge that the Allies took on Germany wouldn’t have came back to haunt them. A gentleman on the English Board of Trade gave Hitler a loan to try and buy peace. Yet the money when to defense building instead of war reparations. 
Chamberlin also didn’t take Hitler’s threat to attack Czechoslovakia seriously. It seemed that Chamberlin sacrificed Czechoslovakia in order to save his own country. Instead of meeting Hitler halfway on the Czech issue he practically bowed at Hitler’s feet having already worked out the arrangements for the transfer of territory when they met at Godesbar. 
Hitler’s zeal to obtain more territory could have also been squashed in the Munich Agreement. After Hitler’s refusal to stop acquiring more territory Britain, France or the US could have made some arrangements to retaliate in Germany buy sanctions etc.
Question:
The Cold War period in European and American politics greatly influenced the development of the modern world. Describe the major events of the Cold War and its impact for both the United States and the rest of the world.
The Cold War was complex and multi-faceted. There were many conflicts, many ideas, and many emotions. It was a period of East-West competition, tension, and conflict short of a full-scale war, characterized by mutual perceptions of hostile intention between military-political alliances. There were real wars, sometimes called “proxy wars” because they were fought by Soviet allies rather than the USSR itself—along with competition for influence in the Third World, and a major superpower arms race.
Arms Race:
Nuclear weapons are not dangerous if there is no use for them. The Cold War invented a need for nuclear weapons. Deterrence, or the desire to show another country that yours is more powerful, has no limit. The first nuclear weapon served a purpose; it was to show Japan that the United States had the power to easily destroy their island. Its secondary and unavoidable purpose was to show the rest of the world the exact same thing. That is the true power of nuclear weapons. 
The decision to use the bomb on Japan was influenced more by the desire to show Japan the power of the US then to show the Soviets the potential of American technology. Roosevelt knew he was going to drop the bomb when he went to Yalta. As that point, Russia and the US were not quite in conflict. The decisions to use the bomb was in order to end the war in the Pacific. 
McCarthyism:
Fear is the feeling of insecurity and danger found in an unfamiliar situation. When McCarthy stepped forward and claimed that a subversive force of underground communists were controlling the US, people became afraid because this politician proposed that the very sacred ground of America was tainted with unseen forces and had unknown control. The outcome of this was predictable and inevitable.
McCarthy’s entire claim was based on the absence of evidence. He pointed at the source of power in the US as the source of corruption against the US. It made sense. The people would never know about subversion because it is essentially subconscious and unseen. By creating its existence through ranting and accusations, McCarthy invented national fear, McCarthy had control of the nation for a while because of this fear. Finally, logic prevailed and people relized that no evidence existed to back up his claims. 
Space Race:
The US had entered the era of the Space Race. The hope was that America would find the next frontier and conquer it before the other country. The Space Race was a political struggle with militaristic drives. Americans wanted to beat the Soviets as much as their government. The Soviets were the first to successfully get space craft up and even a monkey into space. But President Kennedy promised the US would be the first to have a man on the moon and soon the US prevailed. 
Berlin Wall and Airlift:
Germany was rifled with turmoil. It was decided that East German forces back by the Soviet armor would seal East Berlin off from the Western sectors with a massive wall. In the 1960’s the wall was erected. The only access to West Berlin was a 20 mile wide air corridor. The Berlin Airlift was the allies getting together and moving tons of non-perishable goods to the Berlin. Diapers, food, gas, wood, all staples that could not be easily obtained.
Cuban Missile Crisis:
After obtaining Fidel Castro’s approval, the Soviet Union worked quickly and secretly to build missile installations in Cuba. President Kennedy was shown photographs of Soviet missiles installations under construction in Cuba. After days of intense debate in the United States administration, during which Soviet diplomats denied that installations for offensive missiles were
being built in Cuba, Kennedy announced the discovery of the installations and proclaimed that any nuclear missile attack from Cuba would be regarded as an attack by the Soviet Union and would be responded to. He also imposed a naval quarantine on Cuba to prevent further Soviet shipments of offensive military weapons from arriving there.
During the crisis, the two sides exchanged many letters. Finally, they agreed to dismantle the installations and return them to the Soviet Union, expressing trust that the United States would not invade Cuba. Further negotiations were held to implement the agreement, including a United States demand that Soviet light bombers also be removed from Cuba, and to specify the exact form and conditions of the US assurances not to invade Cuba.
Franklin Roosevelt gave Eastern Europe to the Russians in Yalta. His objectives were idealistic because of the location of World War Two. American troops were sent to Europe to fight in a major war. America was only attacked once during World War two, and that was by Japan. Americans fought the war but didn’t feel it. When Roosevelt negotiated at Yalta, he did not feel the pain of a populous destroyed by fire bombing or Nazi death camps. He was not practical enough. The European nations, on the other hand, craved revenge. They wanted reparations for the damages and a guarantee that such an event could never happen again. Roosevelt did not give them what they wanted. The re-establishment of Eastern Europe was therefore controlled by the manipulative Stalin. He knew when he was signing the agreement at Yalta that democracy was not going to happen. As soon as the politicians were gone, tanks and troops took Eastern Europe and a buffer zone was created. The countries were turned into economic wastelands without value in order to protect Russia. Just like the other European courtries, Russia wanted to make sure it was never invaded again.
Could the Cold War have been prevented? Yes. If Roosevelt had taken advantage of his negotiating position at Yalta, he could have prevented the Soviets from building its dangerous puppet states and buffer zones. Without these, Russia would have been much more vulnerable along its borders. Even more so, Russian would have been isolated from Europe by distance. With advancements in technology, the Soviet Union was fast becoming connected with Europe. World War Two completed that connection as Russia’s reach extended half way across the continent. No more was the giant nation isolated from the world’s politics. It was in the center.
Had Russia not been a part of the political struggles of Europe, its power and interest in the rest of the world would have declined after World War Two. Even with its nuclear capabilities, Russia would have been much less likely to use such a device (or even build it) had the country’s political involvement declined to pre-war levels. It was the iron curtain that brought Russia to the limelight and it was Roosevelt who sold Stalin the land on which he could build his buffer zones. It’s almost ironic, in retrospect, that a buffer zone brought Russia closer to the West.
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