guile/lib/vasnprintf.c

/* vsprintf with automatic memory allocation.
   Copyright (C) 1999, 2002-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   This file is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
   it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
   published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the
   License, or (at your option) any later version.

   This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
   along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.  */

/* This file can be parametrized with the following macros:
     VASNPRINTF         The name of the function being defined.
     FCHAR_T            The element type of the format string.
     DCHAR_T            The element type of the destination (result) string.
     FCHAR_T_ONLY_ASCII Set to 1 to enable verification that all characters
                        in the format string are ASCII. MUST be set if
                        FCHAR_T and DCHAR_T are not the same type.
     DIRECTIVE          Structure denoting a format directive.
                        Depends on FCHAR_T.
     DIRECTIVES         Structure denoting the set of format directives of a
                        format string.  Depends on FCHAR_T.
     PRINTF_PARSE       Function that parses a format string.
                        Depends on FCHAR_T.
     DCHAR_CPY          memcpy like function for DCHAR_T[] arrays.
     DCHAR_SET          memset like function for DCHAR_T[] arrays.
     DCHAR_MBSNLEN      mbsnlen like function for DCHAR_T[] arrays.
     SNPRINTF           The system's snprintf (or similar) function.
                        This may be either snprintf or swprintf.
     TCHAR_T            The element type of the argument and result string
                        of the said SNPRINTF function.  This may be either
                        char or wchar_t.  The code exploits that
                        sizeof (TCHAR_T) | sizeof (DCHAR_T) and
                        alignof (TCHAR_T) <= alignof (DCHAR_T).
     DCHAR_IS_TCHAR     Set to 1 if DCHAR_T and TCHAR_T are the same type.
     DCHAR_CONV_FROM_ENCODING A function to convert from char[] to DCHAR[].
     DCHAR_IS_UINT8_T   Set to 1 if DCHAR_T is uint8_t.
     DCHAR_IS_UINT16_T  Set to 1 if DCHAR_T is uint16_t.
     DCHAR_IS_UINT32_T  Set to 1 if DCHAR_T is uint32_t.
     ENABLE_UNISTDIO    Set to 1 to enable the unistdio extensions.
     ENABLE_WCHAR_FALLBACK  Set to 1 to avoid EILSEQ during conversion of wide
                        characters (wchar_t) and wide character strings
                        (wchar_t[]) to multibyte sequences.  The fallback is the
                        hexadecimal escape syntax (\unnnn or \Unnnnnnnn) or,
                        if wchar_t is not Unicode encoded, \wnnnn or \Wnnnnnnnn.
 */

/* Tell glibc's <stdio.h> to provide a prototype for snprintf().
   This must come before <config.h> because <config.h> may include
   <features.h>, and once <features.h> has been included, it's too late.  */
#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
# define _GNU_SOURCE    1
#endif

#ifndef VASNPRINTF
# include <config.h>
#endif

/* As of GCC 11.2.1, gcc -Wanalyzer-too-complex reports that main's
   use of CHECK macros expands to code that is too complicated for gcc
   -fanalyzer.  Suppress the resulting bogus warnings.  */
#if 10 <= __GNUC__
# pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wanalyzer-null-argument"
#endif

#include <alloca.h>

/* Specification.  */
#ifndef VASNPRINTF
# if WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
#  include "vasnwprintf.h"
# else
#  include "vasnprintf.h"
# endif
#endif

#include <locale.h>     /* localeconv() */
#include <stdio.h>      /* snprintf(), sprintf() */
#include <stdlib.h>     /* abort(), malloc(), realloc(), free() */
#include <string.h>     /* memcpy(), strlen() */
#include <errno.h>      /* errno */
#include <limits.h>     /* CHAR_BIT */
#include <float.h>      /* DBL_MAX_EXP, LDBL_MAX_EXP */
#if HAVE_NL_LANGINFO
# include <langinfo.h>
#endif
#ifndef VASNPRINTF
# if WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
#  include "wprintf-parse.h"
# else
#  include "printf-parse.h"
# endif
#endif

/* Checked size_t computations.  */
#include "xsize.h"

#include "attribute.h"
#include "verify.h"

#if (NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE) && !defined IN_LIBINTL
# include <math.h>
# include "float+.h"
#endif

#if (NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_DOUBLE) && !defined IN_LIBINTL
# include <math.h>
# include "isnand-nolibm.h"
#endif

#if (NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_LONG_DOUBLE) && !defined IN_LIBINTL
# include <math.h>
# include "isnanl-nolibm.h"
# include "fpucw.h"
#endif

#if (NEED_PRINTF_DIRECTIVE_A || NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE) && !defined IN_LIBINTL
# include <math.h>
# include "isnand-nolibm.h"
# include "printf-frexp.h"
#endif

#if (NEED_PRINTF_DIRECTIVE_A || NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE) && !defined IN_LIBINTL
# include <math.h>
# include "isnanl-nolibm.h"
# include "printf-frexpl.h"
# include "fpucw.h"
#endif

/* Default parameters.  */
#ifndef VASNPRINTF
# if WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
#  define VASNPRINTF vasnwprintf
#  define FCHAR_T wchar_t
#  define DCHAR_T wchar_t
#  define TCHAR_T wchar_t
#  define DCHAR_IS_TCHAR 1
#  define DIRECTIVE wchar_t_directive
#  define DIRECTIVES wchar_t_directives
#  define PRINTF_PARSE wprintf_parse
#  define DCHAR_CPY wmemcpy
#  define DCHAR_SET wmemset
# else
#  define VASNPRINTF vasnprintf
#  define FCHAR_T char
#  define DCHAR_T char
#  define TCHAR_T char
#  define DCHAR_IS_TCHAR 1
#  define DIRECTIVE char_directive
#  define DIRECTIVES char_directives
#  define PRINTF_PARSE printf_parse
#  define DCHAR_CPY memcpy
#  define DCHAR_SET memset
# endif
#endif
#if WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
  /* TCHAR_T is wchar_t.  */
# define USE_SNPRINTF 1
# if HAVE_DECL__SNWPRINTF
   /* On Windows, the function swprintf() has a different signature than
      on Unix; we use the function _snwprintf() or - on mingw - snwprintf()
      instead.  The mingw function snwprintf() has fewer bugs than the
      MSVCRT function _snwprintf(), so prefer that.  */
#  if defined __MINGW32__
#   define SNPRINTF snwprintf
#  else
#   define SNPRINTF _snwprintf
#   define USE_MSVC__SNPRINTF 1
#  endif
# else
   /* Unix.  */
#  define SNPRINTF swprintf
# endif
#else
  /* TCHAR_T is char.  */
  /* Use snprintf if it exists under the name 'snprintf' or '_snprintf'.
     But don't use it on BeOS, since BeOS snprintf produces no output if the
     size argument is >= 0x3000000.
     Also don't use it on Linux libc5, since there snprintf with size = 1
     writes any output without bounds, like sprintf.  */
# if (HAVE_DECL__SNPRINTF || HAVE_SNPRINTF) && !defined __BEOS__ && !(__GNU_LIBRARY__ == 1)
#  define USE_SNPRINTF 1
# else
#  define USE_SNPRINTF 0
# endif
# if HAVE_DECL__SNPRINTF
   /* Windows.  The mingw function snprintf() has fewer bugs than the MSVCRT
      function _snprintf(), so prefer that.  */
#  if defined __MINGW32__
#   define SNPRINTF snprintf
    /* Here we need to call the native snprintf, not rpl_snprintf.  */
#   undef snprintf
#  else
    /* MSVC versions < 14 did not have snprintf, only _snprintf.  */
#   define SNPRINTF _snprintf
#   define USE_MSVC__SNPRINTF 1
#  endif
# else
   /* Unix.  */
#  define SNPRINTF snprintf
   /* Here we need to call the native snprintf, not rpl_snprintf.  */
#  undef snprintf
# endif
#endif
/* Here we need to call the native sprintf, not rpl_sprintf.  */
#undef sprintf

/* GCC >= 4.0 with -Wall emits unjustified "... may be used uninitialized"
   warnings in this file.  Use -Dlint to suppress them.  */
#if defined GCC_LINT || defined lint
# define IF_LINT(Code) Code
#else
# define IF_LINT(Code) /* empty */
#endif

/* Avoid some warnings from "gcc -Wshadow".
   This file doesn't use the exp() and remainder() functions.  */
#undef exp
#define exp expo
#undef remainder
#define remainder rem

#if (!USE_SNPRINTF || !HAVE_SNPRINTF_RETVAL_C99 || USE_MSVC__SNPRINTF) && !WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
# if (HAVE_STRNLEN && !defined _AIX)
#  define local_strnlen strnlen
# else
#  ifndef local_strnlen_defined
#   define local_strnlen_defined 1
static size_t
local_strnlen (const char *string, size_t maxlen)
{
  const char *end = memchr (string, '\0', maxlen);
  return end ? (size_t) (end - string) : maxlen;
}
#  endif
# endif
#endif

#if (((!USE_SNPRINTF || !HAVE_SNPRINTF_RETVAL_C99 || USE_MSVC__SNPRINTF) && WIDE_CHAR_VERSION) || ((!USE_SNPRINTF || !HAVE_SNPRINTF_RETVAL_C99 || USE_MSVC__SNPRINTF || (NEED_PRINTF_DIRECTIVE_LS && !defined IN_LIBINTL)) && !WIDE_CHAR_VERSION && DCHAR_IS_TCHAR)) && HAVE_WCHAR_T
# if HAVE_WCSLEN
#  define local_wcslen wcslen
# else
   /* Solaris 2.5.1 has wcslen() in a separate library libw.so. To avoid
      a dependency towards this library, here is a local substitute.
      Define this substitute only once, even if this file is included
      twice in the same compilation unit.  */
#  ifndef local_wcslen_defined
#   define local_wcslen_defined 1
static size_t
local_wcslen (const wchar_t *s)
{
  const wchar_t *ptr;

  for (ptr = s; *ptr != (wchar_t) 0; ptr++)
    ;
  return ptr - s;
}
#  endif
# endif
#endif

#if (!USE_SNPRINTF || !HAVE_SNPRINTF_RETVAL_C99 || USE_MSVC__SNPRINTF) && HAVE_WCHAR_T && WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
# if HAVE_WCSNLEN
#  define local_wcsnlen wcsnlen
# else
#  ifndef local_wcsnlen_defined
#   define local_wcsnlen_defined 1
static size_t
local_wcsnlen (const wchar_t *s, size_t maxlen)
{
  const wchar_t *ptr;

  for (ptr = s; maxlen > 0 && *ptr != (wchar_t) 0; ptr++, maxlen--)
    ;
  return ptr - s;
}
#  endif
# endif
#endif

#if (((!USE_SNPRINTF || !HAVE_SNPRINTF_RETVAL_C99 || USE_MSVC__SNPRINTF || (NEED_PRINTF_DIRECTIVE_LS && !defined IN_LIBINTL) || ENABLE_WCHAR_FALLBACK) && HAVE_WCHAR_T) || (ENABLE_WCHAR_FALLBACK && HAVE_WINT_T)) && !WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
# if ENABLE_WCHAR_FALLBACK
static size_t
wctomb_fallback (char *s, wchar_t wc)
{
  static char hex[16] = "0123456789ABCDEF";

  s[0] = '\\';
  if (sizeof (wchar_t) > 2 && wc > 0xffff)
    {
#  if __STDC_ISO_10646__ || (__GLIBC__ >= 2) || (defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__)
      s[1] = 'U';
#  else
      s[1] = 'W';
#  endif
      s[2] = hex[(wc & 0xf0000000U) >> 28];
      s[3] = hex[(wc & 0xf000000U) >> 24];
      s[4] = hex[(wc & 0xf00000U) >> 20];
      s[5] = hex[(wc & 0xf0000U) >> 16];
      s[6] = hex[(wc & 0xf000U) >> 12];
      s[7] = hex[(wc & 0xf00U) >> 8];
      s[8] = hex[(wc & 0xf0U) >> 4];
      s[9] = hex[wc & 0xfU];
      return 10;
    }
  else
    {
#  if __STDC_ISO_10646__ || (__GLIBC__ >= 2) || (defined _WIN32 || defined __CYGWIN__)
      s[1] = 'u';
#  else
      s[1] = 'w';
#  endif
      s[2] = hex[(wc & 0xf000U) >> 12];
      s[3] = hex[(wc & 0xf00U) >> 8];
      s[4] = hex[(wc & 0xf0U) >> 4];
      s[5] = hex[wc & 0xfU];
      return 6;
    }
}
#  if HAVE_WCRTOMB && !defined GNULIB_defined_mbstate_t
static size_t
local_wcrtomb (char *s, wchar_t wc, mbstate_t *ps)
{
  size_t count = wcrtomb (s, wc, ps);
  if (count == (size_t)(-1))
    count = wctomb_fallback (s, wc);
  return count;
}
#  else
static int
local_wctomb (char *s, wchar_t wc)
{
  int count = wctomb (s, wc);
  if (count < 0)
    count = wctomb_fallback (s, wc);
  return count;
}
#   define local_wcrtomb(S, WC, PS)  local_wctomb ((S), (WC))
#  endif
# else
#  if HAVE_WCRTOMB && !defined GNULIB_defined_mbstate_t
#   define local_wcrtomb(S, WC, PS)  wcrtomb ((S), (WC), (PS))
#  else
#   define local_wcrtomb(S, WC, PS)  wctomb ((S), (WC))
#  endif
# endif
#endif

#if (NEED_PRINTF_DIRECTIVE_A || NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_LONG_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_DOUBLE) && !defined IN_LIBINTL
/* Determine the decimal-point character according to the current locale.  */
# ifndef decimal_point_char_defined
#  define decimal_point_char_defined 1
static char
decimal_point_char (void)
{
  const char *point;
  /* Determine it in a multithread-safe way.  We know nl_langinfo is
     multithread-safe on glibc systems and Mac OS X systems, but is not required
     to be multithread-safe by POSIX.  sprintf(), however, is multithread-safe.
     localeconv() is rarely multithread-safe.  */
#  if HAVE_NL_LANGINFO && (__GLIBC__ || defined __UCLIBC__ || (defined __APPLE__ && defined __MACH__))
  point = nl_langinfo (RADIXCHAR);
#  elif 1
  char pointbuf[5];
  sprintf (pointbuf, "%#.0f", 1.0);
  point = &pointbuf[1];
#  else
  point = localeconv () -> decimal_point;
#  endif
  /* The decimal point is always a single byte: either '.' or ','.  */
  return (point[0] != '\0' ? point[0] : '.');
}
# endif
#endif

#if NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_DOUBLE && !NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE && !defined IN_LIBINTL

/* Equivalent to !isfinite(x) || x == 0, but does not require libm.  */
static int
is_infinite_or_zero (double x)
{
  return isnand (x) || x + x == x;
}

#endif

#if NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_LONG_DOUBLE && !NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE && !defined IN_LIBINTL

/* Equivalent to !isfinite(x) || x == 0, but does not require libm.  */
static int
is_infinite_or_zerol (long double x)
{
  return isnanl (x) || x + x == x;
}

#endif

#if (NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE) && !defined IN_LIBINTL

/* Converting 'long double' to decimal without rare rounding bugs requires
   real bignums.  We use the naming conventions of GNU gmp, but vastly simpler
   (and slower) algorithms.  */

typedef unsigned int mp_limb_t;
# define GMP_LIMB_BITS 32
verify (sizeof (mp_limb_t) * CHAR_BIT == GMP_LIMB_BITS);

typedef unsigned long long mp_twolimb_t;
# define GMP_TWOLIMB_BITS 64
verify (sizeof (mp_twolimb_t) * CHAR_BIT == GMP_TWOLIMB_BITS);

/* Representation of a bignum >= 0.  */
typedef struct
{
  size_t nlimbs;
  mp_limb_t *limbs; /* Bits in little-endian order, allocated with malloc().  */
} mpn_t;

/* Compute the product of two bignums >= 0.
   Return the allocated memory in case of success, NULL in case of memory
   allocation failure.  */
static void *
multiply (mpn_t src1, mpn_t src2, mpn_t *dest)
{
  const mp_limb_t *p1;
  const mp_limb_t *p2;
  size_t len1;
  size_t len2;

  if (src1.nlimbs <= src2.nlimbs)
    {
      len1 = src1.nlimbs;
      p1 = src1.limbs;
      len2 = src2.nlimbs;
      p2 = src2.limbs;
    }
  else
    {
      len1 = src2.nlimbs;
      p1 = src2.limbs;
      len2 = src1.nlimbs;
      p2 = src1.limbs;
    }
  /* Now 0 <= len1 <= len2.  */
  if (len1 == 0)
    {
      /* src1 or src2 is zero.  */
      dest->nlimbs = 0;
      dest->limbs = (mp_limb_t *) malloc (1);
    }
  else
    {
      /* Here 1 <= len1 <= len2.  */
      size_t dlen;
      mp_limb_t *dp;
      size_t k, i, j;

      dlen = len1 + len2;
      dp = (mp_limb_t *) malloc (dlen * sizeof (mp_limb_t));
      if (dp == NULL)
        return NULL;
      for (k = len2; k > 0; )
        dp[--k] = 0;
      for (i = 0; i < len1; i++)
        {
          mp_limb_t digit1 = p1[i];
          mp_twolimb_t carry = 0;
          for (j = 0; j < len2; j++)
            {
              mp_limb_t digit2 = p2[j];
              carry += (mp_twolimb_t) digit1 * (mp_twolimb_t) digit2;
              carry += dp[i + j];
              dp[i + j] = (mp_limb_t) carry;
              carry = carry >> GMP_LIMB_BITS;
            }
          dp[i + len2] = (mp_limb_t) carry;
        }
      /* Normalise.  */
      while (dlen > 0 && dp[dlen - 1] == 0)
        dlen--;
      dest->nlimbs = dlen;
      dest->limbs = dp;
    }
  return dest->limbs;
}

/* Compute the quotient of a bignum a >= 0 and a bignum b > 0.
   a is written as  a = q * b + r  with 0 <= r < b.  q is the quotient, r
   the remainder.
   Finally, round-to-even is performed: If r > b/2 or if r = b/2 and q is odd,
   q is incremented.
   Return the allocated memory in case of success, NULL in case of memory
   allocation failure.  */
static void *
divide (mpn_t a, mpn_t b, mpn_t *q)
{
  /* Algorithm:
     First normalise a and b: a=[a[m-1],...,a[0]], b=[b[n-1],...,b[0]]
     with m>=0 and n>0 (in base beta = 2^GMP_LIMB_BITS).
     If m<n, then q:=0 and r:=a.
     If m>=n=1, perform a single-precision division:
       r:=0, j:=m,
       while j>0 do
         {Here (q[m-1]*beta^(m-1)+...+q[j]*beta^j) * b[0] + r*beta^j =
               = a[m-1]*beta^(m-1)+...+a[j]*beta^j und 0<=r<b[0]<beta}
         j:=j-1, r:=r*beta+a[j], q[j]:=floor(r/b[0]), r:=r-b[0]*q[j].
       Normalise [q[m-1],...,q[0]], yields q.
     If m>=n>1, perform a multiple-precision division:
       We have a/b < beta^(m-n+1).
       s:=intDsize-1-(highest bit in b[n-1]), 0<=s<intDsize.
       Shift a and b left by s bits, copying them. r:=a.
       r=[r[m],...,r[0]], b=[b[n-1],...,b[0]] with b[n-1]>=beta/2.
       For j=m-n,...,0: {Here 0 <= r < b*beta^(j+1).}
         Compute q* :
           q* := floor((r[j+n]*beta+r[j+n-1])/b[n-1]).
           In case of overflow (q* >= beta) set q* := beta-1.
           Compute c2 := ((r[j+n]*beta+r[j+n-1]) - q* * b[n-1])*beta + r[j+n-2]
           and c3 := b[n-2] * q*.
           {We have 0 <= c2 < 2*beta^2, even 0 <= c2 < beta^2 if no overflow
            occurred.  Furthermore 0 <= c3 < beta^2.
            If there was overflow and
            r[j+n]*beta+r[j+n-1] - q* * b[n-1] >= beta, i.e. c2 >= beta^2,
            the next test can be skipped.}
           While c3 > c2, {Here 0 <= c2 < c3 < beta^2}
             Put q* := q* - 1, c2 := c2 + b[n-1]*beta, c3 := c3 - b[n-2].
           If q* > 0:
             Put r := r - b * q* * beta^j. In detail:
               [r[n+j],...,r[j]] := [r[n+j],...,r[j]] - q* * [b[n-1],...,b[0]].
               hence: u:=0, for i:=0 to n-1 do
                              u := u + q* * b[i],
                              r[j+i]:=r[j+i]-(u mod beta) (+ beta, if carry),
                              u:=u div beta (+ 1, if carry in subtraction)
                      r[n+j]:=r[n+j]-u.
               {Since always u = (q* * [b[i-1],...,b[0]] div beta^i) + 1
                               < q* + 1 <= beta,
                the carry u does not overflow.}
             If a negative carry occurs, put q* := q* - 1
               and [r[n+j],...,r[j]] := [r[n+j],...,r[j]] + [0,b[n-1],...,b[0]].
         Set q[j] := q*.
       Normalise [q[m-n],..,q[0]]; this yields the quotient q.
       Shift [r[n-1],...,r[0]] right by s bits and normalise; this yields the
       rest r.
       The room for q[j] can be allocated at the memory location of r[n+j].
     Finally, round-to-even:
       Shift r left by 1 bit.
       If r > b or if r = b and q[0] is odd, q := q+1.
   */
  const mp_limb_t *a_ptr = a.limbs;
  size_t a_len = a.nlimbs;
  const mp_limb_t *b_ptr = b.limbs;
  size_t b_len = b.nlimbs;
  mp_limb_t *roomptr;
  mp_limb_t *tmp_roomptr = NULL;
  mp_limb_t *q_ptr;
  size_t q_len;
  mp_limb_t *r_ptr;
  size_t r_len;

  /* Allocate room for a_len+2 digits.
     (Need a_len+1 digits for the real division and 1 more digit for the
     final rounding of q.)  */
  roomptr = (mp_limb_t *) malloc ((a_len + 2) * sizeof (mp_limb_t));
  if (roomptr == NULL)
    return NULL;

  /* Normalise a.  */
  while (a_len > 0 && a_ptr[a_len - 1] == 0)
    a_len--;

  /* Normalise b.  */
  for (;;)
    {
      if (b_len == 0)
        /* Division by zero.  */
        abort ();
      if (b_ptr[b_len - 1] == 0)
        b_len--;
      else
        break;
    }

  /* Here m = a_len >= 0 and n = b_len > 0.  */

  if (a_len < b_len)
    {
      /* m<n: trivial case.  q=0, r := copy of a.  */
      r_ptr = roomptr;
      r_len = a_len;
      memcpy (r_ptr, a_ptr, a_len * sizeof (mp_limb_t));
      q_ptr = roomptr + a_len;
      q_len = 0;
    }
  else if (b_len == 1)
    {
      /* n=1: single precision division.
         beta^(m-1) <= a < beta^m  ==>  beta^(m-2) <= a/b < beta^m  */
      r_ptr = roomptr;
      q_ptr = roomptr + 1;
      {
        mp_limb_t den = b_ptr[0];
        mp_limb_t remainder = 0;
        const mp_limb_t *sourceptr = a_ptr + a_len;
        mp_limb_t *destptr = q_ptr + a_len;
        size_t count;
        for (count = a_len; count > 0; count--)
          {
            mp_twolimb_t num =
              ((mp_twolimb_t) remainder << GMP_LIMB_BITS) | *--sourceptr;
            *--destptr = num / den;
            remainder = num % den;
          }
        /* Normalise and store r.  */
        if (remainder > 0)
          {
            r_ptr[0] = remainder;
            r_len = 1;
          }
        else
          r_len = 0;
        /* Normalise q.  */
        q_len = a_len;
        if (q_ptr[q_len - 1] == 0)
          q_len--;
      }
    }
  else
    {
      /* n>1: multiple precision division.
         beta^(m-1) <= a < beta^m, beta^(n-1) <= b < beta^n  ==>
         beta^(m-n-1) <= a/b < beta^(m-n+1).  */
      /* Determine s.  */
      size_t s;
      {
        mp_limb_t msd = b_ptr[b_len - 1]; /* = b[n-1], > 0 */
        /* Determine s = GMP_LIMB_BITS - integer_length (msd).
           Code copied from gnulib's integer_length.c.  */
# if __GNUC__ > 3 || (__GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 4) \
     || (__clang_major__ >= 4)
        s = __builtin_clz (msd);
# else
#  if defined DBL_EXPBIT0_WORD && defined DBL_EXPBIT0_BIT
        if (GMP_LIMB_BITS <= DBL_MANT_BIT)
          {
            /* Use 'double' operations.
               Assumes an IEEE 754 'double' implementation.  */
#   define DBL_EXP_MASK ((DBL_MAX_EXP - DBL_MIN_EXP) | 7)
#   define DBL_EXP_BIAS (DBL_EXP_MASK / 2 - 1)
#   define NWORDS \
     ((sizeof (double) + sizeof (unsigned int) - 1) / sizeof (unsigned int))
            union { double value; unsigned int word[NWORDS]; } m;

            /* Use a single integer to floating-point conversion.  */
            m.value = msd;

            s = GMP_LIMB_BITS
                - (((m.word[DBL_EXPBIT0_WORD] >> DBL_EXPBIT0_BIT) & DBL_EXP_MASK)
                   - DBL_EXP_BIAS);
          }
        else
#   undef NWORDS
#  endif
          {
            s = 31;
            if (msd >= 0x10000)
              {
                msd = msd >> 16;
                s -= 16;
              }
            if (msd >= 0x100)
              {
                msd = msd >> 8;
                s -= 8;
              }
            if (msd >= 0x10)
              {
                msd = msd >> 4;
                s -= 4;
              }
            if (msd >= 0x4)
              {
                msd = msd >> 2;
                s -= 2;
              }
            if (msd >= 0x2)
              {
                msd = msd >> 1;
                s -= 1;
              }
          }
# endif
      }
      /* 0 <= s < GMP_LIMB_BITS.
         Copy b, shifting it left by s bits.  */
      if (s > 0)
        {
          tmp_roomptr = (mp_limb_t *) malloc (b_len * sizeof (mp_limb_t));
          if (tmp_roomptr == NULL)
            {
              free (roomptr);
              return NULL;
            }
          {
            const mp_limb_t *sourceptr = b_ptr;
            mp_limb_t *destptr = tmp_roomptr;
            mp_twolimb_t accu = 0;
            size_t count;
            for (count = b_len; count > 0; count--)
              {
                accu += (mp_twolimb_t) *sourceptr++ << s;
                *destptr++ = (mp_limb_t) accu;
                accu = accu >> GMP_LIMB_BITS;
              }
            /* accu must be zero, since that was how s was determined.  */
            if (accu != 0)
              abort ();
          }
          b_ptr = tmp_roomptr;
        }
      /* Copy a, shifting it left by s bits, yields r.
         Memory layout:
         At the beginning: r = roomptr[0..a_len],
         at the end: r = roomptr[0..b_len-1], q = roomptr[b_len..a_len]  */
      r_ptr = roomptr;
      if (s == 0)
        {
          memcpy (r_ptr, a_ptr, a_len * sizeof (mp_limb_t));
          r_ptr[a_len] = 0;
        }
      else
        {
          const mp_limb_t *sourceptr = a_ptr;
          mp_limb_t *destptr = r_ptr;
          mp_twolimb_t accu = 0;
          size_t count;
          for (count = a_len; count > 0; count--)
            {
              accu += (mp_twolimb_t) *sourceptr++ << s;
              *destptr++ = (mp_limb_t) accu;
              accu = accu >> GMP_LIMB_BITS;
            }
          *destptr++ = (mp_limb_t) accu;
        }
      q_ptr = roomptr + b_len;
      q_len = a_len - b_len + 1; /* q will have m-n+1 limbs */
      {
        size_t j = a_len - b_len; /* m-n */
        mp_limb_t b_msd = b_ptr[b_len - 1]; /* b[n-1] */
        mp_limb_t b_2msd = b_ptr[b_len - 2]; /* b[n-2] */
        mp_twolimb_t b_msdd = /* b[n-1]*beta+b[n-2] */
          ((mp_twolimb_t) b_msd << GMP_LIMB_BITS) | b_2msd;
        /* Division loop, traversed m-n+1 times.
           j counts down, b is unchanged, beta/2 <= b[n-1] < beta.  */
        for (;;)
          {
            mp_limb_t q_star;
            mp_limb_t c1;
            if (r_ptr[j + b_len] < b_msd) /* r[j+n] < b[n-1] ? */
              {
                /* Divide r[j+n]*beta+r[j+n-1] by b[n-1], no overflow.  */
                mp_twolimb_t num =
                  ((mp_twolimb_t) r_ptr[j + b_len] << GMP_LIMB_BITS)
                  | r_ptr[j + b_len - 1];
                q_star = num / b_msd;
                c1 = num % b_msd;
              }
            else
              {
                /* Overflow, hence r[j+n]*beta+r[j+n-1] >= beta*b[n-1].  */
                q_star = (mp_limb_t)~(mp_limb_t)0; /* q* = beta-1 */
                /* Test whether r[j+n]*beta+r[j+n-1] - (beta-1)*b[n-1] >= beta
                   <==> r[j+n]*beta+r[j+n-1] + b[n-1] >= beta*b[n-1]+beta
                   <==> b[n-1] < floor((r[j+n]*beta+r[j+n-1]+b[n-1])/beta)
                        {<= beta !}.
                   If yes, jump directly to the subtraction loop.
                   (Otherwise, r[j+n]*beta+r[j+n-1] - (beta-1)*b[n-1] < beta
                    <==> floor((r[j+n]*beta+r[j+n-1]+b[n-1])/beta) = b[n-1] ) */
                if (r_ptr[j + b_len] > b_msd
                    || (c1 = r_ptr[j + b_len - 1] + b_msd) < b_msd)
                  /* r[j+n] >= b[n-1]+1 or
                     r[j+n] = b[n-1] and the addition r[j+n-1]+b[n-1] gives a
                     carry.  */
                  goto subtract;
              }
            /* q_star = q*,
               c1 = (r[j+n]*beta+r[j+n-1]) - q* * b[n-1] (>=0, <beta).  */
            {
              mp_twolimb_t c2 = /* c1*beta+r[j+n-2] */
                ((mp_twolimb_t) c1 << GMP_LIMB_BITS) | r_ptr[j + b_len - 2];
              mp_twolimb_t c3 = /* b[n-2] * q* */
                (mp_twolimb_t) b_2msd * (mp_twolimb_t) q_star;
              /* While c2 < c3, increase c2 and decrease c3.
                 Consider c3-c2.  While it is > 0, decrease it by
                 b[n-1]*beta+b[n-2].  Because of b[n-1]*beta+b[n-2] >= beta^2/2
                 this can happen only twice.  */
              if (c3 > c2)
                {
                  q_star = q_star - 1; /* q* := q* - 1 */
                  if (c3 - c2 > b_msdd)
                    q_star = q_star - 1; /* q* := q* - 1 */
                }
            }
            if (q_star > 0)
              subtract:
              {
                /* Subtract r := r - b * q* * beta^j.  */
                mp_limb_t cr;
                {
                  const mp_limb_t *sourceptr = b_ptr;
                  mp_limb_t *destptr = r_ptr + j;
                  mp_twolimb_t carry = 0;
                  size_t count;
                  for (count = b_len; count > 0; count--)
                    {
                      /* Here 0 <= carry <= q*.  */
                      carry =
                        carry
                        + (mp_twolimb_t) q_star * (mp_twolimb_t) *sourceptr++
                        + (mp_limb_t) ~(*destptr);
                      /* Here 0 <= carry <= beta*q* + beta-1.  */
                      *destptr++ = ~(mp_limb_t) carry;
                      carry = carry >> GMP_LIMB_BITS; /* <= q* */
                    }
                  cr = (mp_limb_t) carry;
                }
                /* Subtract cr from r_ptr[j + b_len], then forget about
                   r_ptr[j + b_len].  */
                if (cr > r_ptr[j + b_len])
                  {
                    /* Subtraction gave a carry.  */
                    q_star = q_star - 1; /* q* := q* - 1 */
                    /* Add b back.  */
                    {
                      const mp_limb_t *sourceptr = b_ptr;
                      mp_limb_t *destptr = r_ptr + j;
                      mp_limb_t carry = 0;
                      size_t count;
                      for (count = b_len; count > 0; count--)
                        {
                          mp_limb_t source1 = *sourceptr++;
                          mp_limb_t source2 = *destptr;
                          *destptr++ = source1 + source2 + carry;
                          carry =
                            (carry
                             ? source1 >= (mp_limb_t) ~source2
                             : source1 > (mp_limb_t) ~source2);
                        }
                    }
                    /* Forget about the carry and about r[j+n].  */
                  }
              }
            /* q* is determined.  Store it as q[j].  */
            q_ptr[j] = q_star;
            if (j == 0)
              break;
            j--;
          }
      }
      r_len = b_len;
      /* Normalise q.  */
      if (q_ptr[q_len - 1] == 0)
        q_len--;
# if 0 /* Not needed here, since we need r only to compare it with b/2, and
          b is shifted left by s bits.  */
      /* Shift r right by s bits.  */
      if (s > 0)
        {
          mp_limb_t ptr = r_ptr + r_len;
          mp_twolimb_t accu = 0;
          size_t count;
          for (count = r_len; count > 0; count--)
            {
              accu = (mp_twolimb_t) (mp_limb_t) accu << GMP_LIMB_BITS;
              accu += (mp_twolimb_t) *--ptr << (GMP_LIMB_BITS - s);
              *ptr = (mp_limb_t) (accu >> GMP_LIMB_BITS);
            }
        }
# endif
      /* Normalise r.  */
      while (r_len > 0 && r_ptr[r_len - 1] == 0)
        r_len--;
    }
  /* Compare r << 1 with b.  */
  if (r_len > b_len)
    goto increment_q;
  {
    size_t i;
    for (i = b_len;;)
      {
        mp_limb_t r_i =
          (i <= r_len && i > 0 ? r_ptr[i - 1] >> (GMP_LIMB_BITS - 1) : 0)
          | (i < r_len ? r_ptr[i] << 1 : 0);
        mp_limb_t b_i = (i < b_len ? b_ptr[i] : 0);
        if (r_i > b_i)
          goto increment_q;
        if (r_i < b_i)
          goto keep_q;
        if (i == 0)
          break;
        i--;
      }
  }
  if (q_len > 0 && ((q_ptr[0] & 1) != 0))
    /* q is odd.  */
    increment_q:
    {
      size_t i;
      for (i = 0; i < q_len; i++)
        if (++(q_ptr[i]) != 0)
          goto keep_q;
      q_ptr[q_len++] = 1;
    }
  keep_q:
  free (tmp_roomptr);
  q->limbs = q_ptr;
  q->nlimbs = q_len;
  return roomptr;
}

/* Convert a bignum a >= 0, multiplied with 10^extra_zeroes, to decimal
   representation.
   Destroys the contents of a.
   Return the allocated memory - containing the decimal digits in low-to-high
   order, terminated with a NUL character - in case of success, NULL in case
   of memory allocation failure.  */
static char *
convert_to_decimal (mpn_t a, size_t extra_zeroes)
{
  mp_limb_t *a_ptr = a.limbs;
  size_t a_len = a.nlimbs;
  /* 0.03345 is slightly larger than log(2)/(9*log(10)).  */
  size_t c_len = 9 * ((size_t)(a_len * (GMP_LIMB_BITS * 0.03345f)) + 1);
  /* We need extra_zeroes bytes for zeroes, followed by c_len bytes for the
     digits of a, followed by 1 byte for the terminating NUL.  */
  char *c_ptr = (char *) malloc (xsum (xsum (extra_zeroes, c_len), 1));
  if (c_ptr != NULL)
    {
      char *d_ptr = c_ptr;
      for (; extra_zeroes > 0; extra_zeroes--)
        *d_ptr++ = '0';
      while (a_len > 0)
        {
          /* Divide a by 10^9, in-place.  */
          mp_limb_t remainder = 0;
          mp_limb_t *ptr = a_ptr + a_len;
          size_t count;
          for (count = a_len; count > 0; count--)
            {
              mp_twolimb_t num =
                ((mp_twolimb_t) remainder << GMP_LIMB_BITS) | *--ptr;
              *ptr = num / 1000000000;
              remainder = num % 1000000000;
            }
          /* Store the remainder as 9 decimal digits.  */
          for (count = 9; count > 0; count--)
            {
              *d_ptr++ = '0' + (remainder % 10);
              remainder = remainder / 10;
            }
          /* Normalize a.  */
          if (a_ptr[a_len - 1] == 0)
            a_len--;
        }
      /* Remove leading zeroes.  */
      while (d_ptr > c_ptr && d_ptr[-1] == '0')
        d_ptr--;
      /* But keep at least one zero.  */
      if (d_ptr == c_ptr)
        *d_ptr++ = '0';
      /* Terminate the string.  */
      *d_ptr = '\0';
    }
  return c_ptr;
}

# if NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE

/* Assuming x is finite and >= 0:
   write x as x = 2^e * m, where m is a bignum.
   Return the allocated memory in case of success, NULL in case of memory
   allocation failure.  */
static void *
decode_long_double (long double x, int *ep, mpn_t *mp)
{
  mpn_t m;
  int exp;
  long double y;
  size_t i;

  /* Allocate memory for result.  */
  m.nlimbs = (LDBL_MANT_BIT + GMP_LIMB_BITS - 1) / GMP_LIMB_BITS;
  m.limbs = (mp_limb_t *) malloc (m.nlimbs * sizeof (mp_limb_t));
  if (m.limbs == NULL)
    return NULL;
  /* Split into exponential part and mantissa.  */
  y = frexpl (x, &exp);
  if (!(y >= 0.0L && y < 1.0L))
    abort ();
  /* x = 2^exp * y = 2^(exp - LDBL_MANT_BIT) * (y * 2^LDBL_MANT_BIT), and the
     latter is an integer.  */
  /* Convert the mantissa (y * 2^LDBL_MANT_BIT) to a sequence of limbs.
     I'm not sure whether it's safe to cast a 'long double' value between
     2^31 and 2^32 to 'unsigned int', therefore play safe and cast only
     'long double' values between 0 and 2^16 (to 'unsigned int' or 'int',
     doesn't matter).  */
#  if (LDBL_MANT_BIT % GMP_LIMB_BITS) != 0
#   if (LDBL_MANT_BIT % GMP_LIMB_BITS) > GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2
    {
      mp_limb_t hi, lo;
      y *= (mp_limb_t) 1 << (LDBL_MANT_BIT % (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2));
      hi = (int) y;
      y -= hi;
      if (!(y >= 0.0L && y < 1.0L))
        abort ();
      y *= (mp_limb_t) 1 << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2);
      lo = (int) y;
      y -= lo;
      if (!(y >= 0.0L && y < 1.0L))
        abort ();
      m.limbs[LDBL_MANT_BIT / GMP_LIMB_BITS] = (hi << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2)) | lo;
    }
#   else
    {
      mp_limb_t d;
      y *= (mp_limb_t) 1 << (LDBL_MANT_BIT % GMP_LIMB_BITS);
      d = (int) y;
      y -= d;
      if (!(y >= 0.0L && y < 1.0L))
        abort ();
      m.limbs[LDBL_MANT_BIT / GMP_LIMB_BITS] = d;
    }
#   endif
#  endif
  for (i = LDBL_MANT_BIT / GMP_LIMB_BITS; i > 0; )
    {
      mp_limb_t hi, lo;
      y *= (mp_limb_t) 1 << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2);
      hi = (int) y;
      y -= hi;
      if (!(y >= 0.0L && y < 1.0L))
        abort ();
      y *= (mp_limb_t) 1 << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2);
      lo = (int) y;
      y -= lo;
      if (!(y >= 0.0L && y < 1.0L))
        abort ();
      m.limbs[--i] = (hi << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2)) | lo;
    }
#  if 0 /* On FreeBSD 6.1/x86, 'long double' numbers sometimes have excess
           precision.  */
  if (!(y == 0.0L))
    abort ();
#  endif
  /* Normalise.  */
  while (m.nlimbs > 0 && m.limbs[m.nlimbs - 1] == 0)
    m.nlimbs--;
  *mp = m;
  *ep = exp - LDBL_MANT_BIT;
  return m.limbs;
}

# endif

# if NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE

/* Assuming x is finite and >= 0:
   write x as x = 2^e * m, where m is a bignum.
   Return the allocated memory in case of success, NULL in case of memory
   allocation failure.  */
static void *
decode_double (double x, int *ep, mpn_t *mp)
{
  mpn_t m;
  int exp;
  double y;
  size_t i;

  /* Allocate memory for result.  */
  m.nlimbs = (DBL_MANT_BIT + GMP_LIMB_BITS - 1) / GMP_LIMB_BITS;
  m.limbs = (mp_limb_t *) malloc (m.nlimbs * sizeof (mp_limb_t));
  if (m.limbs == NULL)
    return NULL;
  /* Split into exponential part and mantissa.  */
  y = frexp (x, &exp);
  if (!(y >= 0.0 && y < 1.0))
    abort ();
  /* x = 2^exp * y = 2^(exp - DBL_MANT_BIT) * (y * 2^DBL_MANT_BIT), and the
     latter is an integer.  */
  /* Convert the mantissa (y * 2^DBL_MANT_BIT) to a sequence of limbs.
     I'm not sure whether it's safe to cast a 'double' value between
     2^31 and 2^32 to 'unsigned int', therefore play safe and cast only
     'double' values between 0 and 2^16 (to 'unsigned int' or 'int',
     doesn't matter).  */
#  if (DBL_MANT_BIT % GMP_LIMB_BITS) != 0
#   if (DBL_MANT_BIT % GMP_LIMB_BITS) > GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2
    {
      mp_limb_t hi, lo;
      y *= (mp_limb_t) 1 << (DBL_MANT_BIT % (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2));
      hi = (int) y;
      y -= hi;
      if (!(y >= 0.0 && y < 1.0))
        abort ();
      y *= (mp_limb_t) 1 << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2);
      lo = (int) y;
      y -= lo;
      if (!(y >= 0.0 && y < 1.0))
        abort ();
      m.limbs[DBL_MANT_BIT / GMP_LIMB_BITS] = (hi << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2)) | lo;
    }
#   else
    {
      mp_limb_t d;
      y *= (mp_limb_t) 1 << (DBL_MANT_BIT % GMP_LIMB_BITS);
      d = (int) y;
      y -= d;
      if (!(y >= 0.0 && y < 1.0))
        abort ();
      m.limbs[DBL_MANT_BIT / GMP_LIMB_BITS] = d;
    }
#   endif
#  endif
  for (i = DBL_MANT_BIT / GMP_LIMB_BITS; i > 0; )
    {
      mp_limb_t hi, lo;
      y *= (mp_limb_t) 1 << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2);
      hi = (int) y;
      y -= hi;
      if (!(y >= 0.0 && y < 1.0))
        abort ();
      y *= (mp_limb_t) 1 << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2);
      lo = (int) y;
      y -= lo;
      if (!(y >= 0.0 && y < 1.0))
        abort ();
      m.limbs[--i] = (hi << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2)) | lo;
    }
  if (!(y == 0.0))
    abort ();
  /* Normalise.  */
  while (m.nlimbs > 0 && m.limbs[m.nlimbs - 1] == 0)
    m.nlimbs--;
  *mp = m;
  *ep = exp - DBL_MANT_BIT;
  return m.limbs;
}

# endif

/* Assuming x = 2^e * m is finite and >= 0, and n is an integer:
   Returns the decimal representation of round (x * 10^n).
   Return the allocated memory - containing the decimal digits in low-to-high
   order, terminated with a NUL character - in case of success, NULL in case
   of memory allocation failure.  */
static char *
scale10_round_decimal_decoded (int e, mpn_t m, void *memory, int n)
{
  int s;
  size_t extra_zeroes;
  unsigned int abs_n;
  unsigned int abs_s;
  mp_limb_t *pow5_ptr;
  size_t pow5_len;
  unsigned int s_limbs;
  unsigned int s_bits;
  mpn_t pow5;
  mpn_t z;
  void *z_memory;
  char *digits;

  if (memory == NULL)
    return NULL;
  /* x = 2^e * m, hence
     y = round (2^e * 10^n * m) = round (2^(e+n) * 5^n * m)
       = round (2^s * 5^n * m).  */
  s = e + n;
  extra_zeroes = 0;
  /* Factor out a common power of 10 if possible.  */
  if (s > 0 && n > 0)
    {
      extra_zeroes = (s < n ? s : n);
      s -= extra_zeroes;
      n -= extra_zeroes;
    }
  /* Here y = round (2^s * 5^n * m) * 10^extra_zeroes.
     Before converting to decimal, we need to compute
     z = round (2^s * 5^n * m).  */
  /* Compute 5^|n|, possibly shifted by |s| bits if n and s have the same
     sign.  2.322 is slightly larger than log(5)/log(2).  */
  abs_n = (n >= 0 ? n : -n);
  abs_s = (s >= 0 ? s : -s);
  pow5_ptr = (mp_limb_t *) malloc (((int)(abs_n * (2.322f / GMP_LIMB_BITS)) + 1
                                    + abs_s / GMP_LIMB_BITS + 1)
                                   * sizeof (mp_limb_t));
  if (pow5_ptr == NULL)
    {
      free (memory);
      return NULL;
    }
  /* Initialize with 1.  */
  pow5_ptr[0] = 1;
  pow5_len = 1;
  /* Multiply with 5^|n|.  */
  if (abs_n > 0)
    {
      static mp_limb_t const small_pow5[13 + 1] =
        {
          1, 5, 25, 125, 625, 3125, 15625, 78125, 390625, 1953125, 9765625,
          48828125, 244140625, 1220703125
        };
      unsigned int n13;
      for (n13 = 0; n13 <= abs_n; n13 += 13)
        {
          mp_limb_t digit1 = small_pow5[n13 + 13 <= abs_n ? 13 : abs_n - n13];
          size_t j;
          mp_twolimb_t carry = 0;
          for (j = 0; j < pow5_len; j++)
            {
              mp_limb_t digit2 = pow5_ptr[j];
              carry += (mp_twolimb_t) digit1 * (mp_twolimb_t) digit2;
              pow5_ptr[j] = (mp_limb_t) carry;
              carry = carry >> GMP_LIMB_BITS;
            }
          if (carry > 0)
            pow5_ptr[pow5_len++] = (mp_limb_t) carry;
        }
    }
  s_limbs = abs_s / GMP_LIMB_BITS;
  s_bits = abs_s % GMP_LIMB_BITS;
  if (n >= 0 ? s >= 0 : s <= 0)
    {
      /* Multiply with 2^|s|.  */
      if (s_bits > 0)
        {
          mp_limb_t *ptr = pow5_ptr;
          mp_twolimb_t accu = 0;
          size_t count;
          for (count = pow5_len; count > 0; count--)
            {
              accu += (mp_twolimb_t) *ptr << s_bits;
              *ptr++ = (mp_limb_t) accu;
              accu = accu >> GMP_LIMB_BITS;
            }
          if (accu > 0)
            {
              *ptr = (mp_limb_t) accu;
              pow5_len++;
            }
        }
      if (s_limbs > 0)
        {
          size_t count;
          for (count = pow5_len; count > 0;)
            {
              count--;
              pow5_ptr[s_limbs + count] = pow5_ptr[count];
            }
          for (count = s_limbs; count > 0;)
            {
              count--;
              pow5_ptr[count] = 0;
            }
          pow5_len += s_limbs;
        }
      pow5.limbs = pow5_ptr;
      pow5.nlimbs = pow5_len;
      if (n >= 0)
        {
          /* Multiply m with pow5.  No division needed.  */
          z_memory = multiply (m, pow5, &z);
        }
      else
        {
          /* Divide m by pow5 and round.  */
          z_memory = divide (m, pow5, &z);
        }
    }
  else
    {
      pow5.limbs = pow5_ptr;
      pow5.nlimbs = pow5_len;
      if (n >= 0)
        {
          /* n >= 0, s < 0.
             Multiply m with pow5, then divide by 2^|s|.  */
          mpn_t numerator;
          mpn_t denominator;
          void *tmp_memory;
          tmp_memory = multiply (m, pow5, &numerator);
          if (tmp_memory == NULL)
            {
              free (pow5_ptr);
              free (memory);
              return NULL;
            }
          /* Construct 2^|s|.  */
          {
            mp_limb_t *ptr = pow5_ptr + pow5_len;
            size_t i;
            for (i = 0; i < s_limbs; i++)
              ptr[i] = 0;
            ptr[s_limbs] = (mp_limb_t) 1 << s_bits;
            denominator.limbs = ptr;
            denominator.nlimbs = s_limbs + 1;
          }
          z_memory = divide (numerator, denominator, &z);
          free (tmp_memory);
        }
      else
        {
          /* n < 0, s > 0.
             Multiply m with 2^s, then divide by pow5.  */
          mpn_t numerator;
          mp_limb_t *num_ptr;
          num_ptr = (mp_limb_t *) malloc ((m.nlimbs + s_limbs + 1)
                                          * sizeof (mp_limb_t));
          if (num_ptr == NULL)
            {
              free (pow5_ptr);
              free (memory);
              return NULL;
            }
          {
            mp_limb_t *destptr = num_ptr;
            {
              size_t i;
              for (i = 0; i < s_limbs; i++)
                *destptr++ = 0;
            }
            if (s_bits > 0)
              {
                const mp_limb_t *sourceptr = m.limbs;
                mp_twolimb_t accu = 0;
                size_t count;
                for (count = m.nlimbs; count > 0; count--)
                  {
                    accu += (mp_twolimb_t) *sourceptr++ << s_bits;
                    *destptr++ = (mp_limb_t) accu;
                    accu = accu >> GMP_LIMB_BITS;
                  }
                if (accu > 0)
                  *destptr++ = (mp_limb_t) accu;
              }
            else
              {
                const mp_limb_t *sourceptr = m.limbs;
                size_t count;
                for (count = m.nlimbs; count > 0; count--)
                  *destptr++ = *sourceptr++;
              }
            numerator.limbs = num_ptr;
            numerator.nlimbs = destptr - num_ptr;
          }
          z_memory = divide (numerator, pow5, &z);
          free (num_ptr);
        }
    }
  free (pow5_ptr);
  free (memory);

  /* Here y = round (x * 10^n) = z * 10^extra_zeroes.  */

  if (z_memory == NULL)
    return NULL;
  digits = convert_to_decimal (z, extra_zeroes);
  free (z_memory);
  return digits;
}

# if NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE

/* Assuming x is finite and >= 0, and n is an integer:
   Returns the decimal representation of round (x * 10^n).
   Return the allocated memory - containing the decimal digits in low-to-high
   order, terminated with a NUL character - in case of success, NULL in case
   of memory allocation failure.  */
static char *
scale10_round_decimal_long_double (long double x, int n)
{
  int e IF_LINT(= 0);
  mpn_t m;
  void *memory = decode_long_double (x, &e, &m);
  return scale10_round_decimal_decoded (e, m, memory, n);
}

# endif

# if NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE

/* Assuming x is finite and >= 0, and n is an integer:
   Returns the decimal representation of round (x * 10^n).
   Return the allocated memory - containing the decimal digits in low-to-high
   order, terminated with a NUL character - in case of success, NULL in case
   of memory allocation failure.  */
static char *
scale10_round_decimal_double (double x, int n)
{
  int e IF_LINT(= 0);
  mpn_t m;
  void *memory = decode_double (x, &e, &m);
  return scale10_round_decimal_decoded (e, m, memory, n);
}

# endif

# if NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE

/* Assuming x is finite and > 0:
   Return an approximation for n with 10^n <= x < 10^(n+1).
   The approximation is usually the right n, but may be off by 1 sometimes.  */
static int
floorlog10l (long double x)
{
  int exp;
  long double y;
  double z;
  double l;

  /* Split into exponential part and mantissa.  */
  y = frexpl (x, &exp);
  if (!(y >= 0.0L && y < 1.0L))
    abort ();
  if (y == 0.0L)
    return INT_MIN;
  if (y < 0.5L)
    {
      while (y < (1.0L / (1 << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2)) / (1 << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2))))
        {
          y *= 1.0L * (1 << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2)) * (1 << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2));
          exp -= GMP_LIMB_BITS;
        }
      if (y < (1.0L / (1 << 16)))
        {
          y *= 1.0L * (1 << 16);
          exp -= 16;
        }
      if (y < (1.0L / (1 << 8)))
        {
          y *= 1.0L * (1 << 8);
          exp -= 8;
        }
      if (y < (1.0L / (1 << 4)))
        {
          y *= 1.0L * (1 << 4);
          exp -= 4;
        }
      if (y < (1.0L / (1 << 2)))
        {
          y *= 1.0L * (1 << 2);
          exp -= 2;
        }
      if (y < (1.0L / (1 << 1)))
        {
          y *= 1.0L * (1 << 1);
          exp -= 1;
        }
    }
  if (!(y >= 0.5L && y < 1.0L))
    abort ();
  /* Compute an approximation for l = log2(x) = exp + log2(y).  */
  l = exp;
  z = y;
  if (z < 0.70710678118654752444)
    {
      z *= 1.4142135623730950488;
      l -= 0.5;
    }
  if (z < 0.8408964152537145431)
    {
      z *= 1.1892071150027210667;
      l -= 0.25;
    }
  if (z < 0.91700404320467123175)
    {
      z *= 1.0905077326652576592;
      l -= 0.125;
    }
  if (z < 0.9576032806985736469)
    {
      z *= 1.0442737824274138403;
      l -= 0.0625;
    }
  /* Now 0.95 <= z <= 1.01.  */
  z = 1 - z;
  /* log2(1-z) = 1/log(2) * (- z - z^2/2 - z^3/3 - z^4/4 - ...)
     Four terms are enough to get an approximation with error < 10^-7.  */
  l -= 1.4426950408889634074 * z * (1.0 + z * (0.5 + z * ((1.0 / 3) + z * 0.25)));
  /* Finally multiply with log(2)/log(10), yields an approximation for
     log10(x).  */
  l *= 0.30102999566398119523;
  /* Round down to the next integer.  */
  return (int) l + (l < 0 ? -1 : 0);
}

# endif

# if NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE

/* Assuming x is finite and > 0:
   Return an approximation for n with 10^n <= x < 10^(n+1).
   The approximation is usually the right n, but may be off by 1 sometimes.  */
static int
floorlog10 (double x)
{
  int exp;
  double y;
  double z;
  double l;

  /* Split into exponential part and mantissa.  */
  y = frexp (x, &exp);
  if (!(y >= 0.0 && y < 1.0))
    abort ();
  if (y == 0.0)
    return INT_MIN;
  if (y < 0.5)
    {
      while (y < (1.0 / (1 << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2)) / (1 << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2))))
        {
          y *= 1.0 * (1 << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2)) * (1 << (GMP_LIMB_BITS / 2));
          exp -= GMP_LIMB_BITS;
        }
      if (y < (1.0 / (1 << 16)))
        {
          y *= 1.0 * (1 << 16);
          exp -= 16;
        }
      if (y < (1.0 / (1 << 8)))
        {
          y *= 1.0 * (1 << 8);
          exp -= 8;
        }
      if (y < (1.0 / (1 << 4)))
        {
          y *= 1.0 * (1 << 4);
          exp -= 4;
        }
      if (y < (1.0 / (1 << 2)))
        {
          y *= 1.0 * (1 << 2);
          exp -= 2;
        }
      if (y < (1.0 / (1 << 1)))
        {
          y *= 1.0 * (1 << 1);
          exp -= 1;
        }
    }
  if (!(y >= 0.5 && y < 1.0))
    abort ();
  /* Compute an approximation for l = log2(x) = exp + log2(y).  */
  l = exp;
  z = y;
  if (z < 0.70710678118654752444)
    {
      z *= 1.4142135623730950488;
      l -= 0.5;
    }
  if (z < 0.8408964152537145431)
    {
      z *= 1.1892071150027210667;
      l -= 0.25;
    }
  if (z < 0.91700404320467123175)
    {
      z *= 1.0905077326652576592;
      l -= 0.125;
    }
  if (z < 0.9576032806985736469)
    {
      z *= 1.0442737824274138403;
      l -= 0.0625;
    }
  /* Now 0.95 <= z <= 1.01.  */
  z = 1 - z;
  /* log2(1-z) = 1/log(2) * (- z - z^2/2 - z^3/3 - z^4/4 - ...)
     Four terms are enough to get an approximation with error < 10^-7.  */
  l -= 1.4426950408889634074 * z * (1.0 + z * (0.5 + z * ((1.0 / 3) + z * 0.25)));
  /* Finally multiply with log(2)/log(10), yields an approximation for
     log10(x).  */
  l *= 0.30102999566398119523;
  /* Round down to the next integer.  */
  return (int) l + (l < 0 ? -1 : 0);
}

# endif

/* Tests whether a string of digits consists of exactly PRECISION zeroes and
   a single '1' digit.  */
static int
is_borderline (const char *digits, size_t precision)
{
  for (; precision > 0; precision--, digits++)
    if (*digits != '0')
      return 0;
  if (*digits != '1')
    return 0;
  digits++;
  return *digits == '\0';
}

#endif

#if !USE_SNPRINTF || !HAVE_SNPRINTF_RETVAL_C99 || USE_MSVC__SNPRINTF

/* Use a different function name, to make it possible that the 'wchar_t'
   parametrization and the 'char' parametrization get compiled in the same
   translation unit.  */
# if WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
#  define MAX_ROOM_NEEDED wmax_room_needed
# else
#  define MAX_ROOM_NEEDED max_room_needed
# endif

/* Returns the number of TCHAR_T units needed as temporary space for the result
   of sprintf or SNPRINTF of a single conversion directive.  */
static size_t
MAX_ROOM_NEEDED (const arguments *ap, size_t arg_index, FCHAR_T conversion,
                 arg_type type, int flags, size_t width, int has_precision,
                 size_t precision, int pad_ourselves)
{
  size_t tmp_length;

  switch (conversion)
    {
    case 'd': case 'i': case 'u':
      if (type == TYPE_LONGLONGINT || type == TYPE_ULONGLONGINT)
        tmp_length =
          (unsigned int) (sizeof (unsigned long long) * CHAR_BIT
                          * 0.30103 /* binary -> decimal */
                         )
          + 1; /* turn floor into ceil */
      else if (type == TYPE_LONGINT || type == TYPE_ULONGINT)
        tmp_length =
          (unsigned int) (sizeof (unsigned long) * CHAR_BIT
                          * 0.30103 /* binary -> decimal */
                         )
          + 1; /* turn floor into ceil */
      else
        tmp_length =
          (unsigned int) (sizeof (unsigned int) * CHAR_BIT
                          * 0.30103 /* binary -> decimal */
                         )
          + 1; /* turn floor into ceil */
      if (tmp_length < precision)
        tmp_length = precision;
      /* Multiply by 2, as an estimate for FLAG_GROUP.  */
      tmp_length = xsum (tmp_length, tmp_length);
      /* Add 1, to account for a leading sign.  */
      tmp_length = xsum (tmp_length, 1);
      break;

    case 'o':
      if (type == TYPE_LONGLONGINT || type == TYPE_ULONGLONGINT)
        tmp_length =
          (unsigned int) (sizeof (unsigned long long) * CHAR_BIT
                          * 0.333334 /* binary -> octal */
                         )
          + 1; /* turn floor into ceil */
      else if (type == TYPE_LONGINT || type == TYPE_ULONGINT)
        tmp_length =
          (unsigned int) (sizeof (unsigned long) * CHAR_BIT
                          * 0.333334 /* binary -> octal */
                         )
          + 1; /* turn floor into ceil */
      else
        tmp_length =
          (unsigned int) (sizeof (unsigned int) * CHAR_BIT
                          * 0.333334 /* binary -> octal */
                         )
          + 1; /* turn floor into ceil */
      if (tmp_length < precision)
        tmp_length = precision;
      /* Add 1, to account for a leading sign.  */
      tmp_length = xsum (tmp_length, 1);
      break;

    case 'x': case 'X':
      if (type == TYPE_LONGLONGINT || type == TYPE_ULONGLONGINT)
        tmp_length =
          (unsigned int) (sizeof (unsigned long long) * CHAR_BIT
                          * 0.25 /* binary -> hexadecimal */
                         )
          + 1; /* turn floor into ceil */
      else if (type == TYPE_LONGINT || type == TYPE_ULONGINT)
        tmp_length =
          (unsigned int) (sizeof (unsigned long) * CHAR_BIT
                          * 0.25 /* binary -> hexadecimal */
                         )
          + 1; /* turn floor into ceil */
      else
        tmp_length =
          (unsigned int) (sizeof (unsigned int) * CHAR_BIT
                          * 0.25 /* binary -> hexadecimal */
                         )
          + 1; /* turn floor into ceil */
      if (tmp_length < precision)
        tmp_length = precision;
      /* Add 2, to account for a leading sign or alternate form.  */
      tmp_length = xsum (tmp_length, 2);
      break;

    case 'f': case 'F':
      if (type == TYPE_LONGDOUBLE)
        tmp_length =
          (unsigned int) (LDBL_MAX_EXP
                          * 0.30103 /* binary -> decimal */
                          * 2 /* estimate for FLAG_GROUP */
                         )
          + 1 /* turn floor into ceil */
          + 10; /* sign, decimal point etc. */
      else
        tmp_length =
          (unsigned int) (DBL_MAX_EXP
                          * 0.30103 /* binary -> decimal */
                          * 2 /* estimate for FLAG_GROUP */
                         )
          + 1 /* turn floor into ceil */
          + 10; /* sign, decimal point etc. */
      tmp_length = xsum (tmp_length, precision);
      break;

    case 'e': case 'E': case 'g': case 'G':
      tmp_length =
        12; /* sign, decimal point, exponent etc. */
      tmp_length = xsum (tmp_length, precision);
      break;

    case 'a': case 'A':
      if (type == TYPE_LONGDOUBLE)
        tmp_length =
          (unsigned int) (LDBL_DIG
                          * 0.831 /* decimal -> hexadecimal */
                         )
          + 1; /* turn floor into ceil */
      else
        tmp_length =
          (unsigned int) (DBL_DIG
                          * 0.831 /* decimal -> hexadecimal */
                         )
          + 1; /* turn floor into ceil */
      if (tmp_length < precision)
        tmp_length = precision;
      /* Account for sign, decimal point etc. */
      tmp_length = xsum (tmp_length, 12);
      break;

    case 'c':
# if HAVE_WINT_T && !WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
      if (type == TYPE_WIDE_CHAR)
        {
          tmp_length = MB_CUR_MAX;
#  if ENABLE_WCHAR_FALLBACK
          if (tmp_length < (sizeof (wchar_t) > 2 ? 10 : 6))
            tmp_length = (sizeof (wchar_t) > 2 ? 10 : 6);
#  endif
        }
      else
# endif
        tmp_length = 1;
      break;

    case 's':
# if HAVE_WCHAR_T
      if (type == TYPE_WIDE_STRING)
        {
#  if WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
          /* ISO C says about %ls in fwprintf:
               "If the precision is not specified or is greater than the size
                of the array, the array shall contain a null wide character."
             So if there is a precision, we must not use wcslen.  */
          const wchar_t *arg = ap->arg[arg_index].a.a_wide_string;

          if (has_precision)
            tmp_length = local_wcsnlen (arg, precision);
          else
            tmp_length = local_wcslen (arg);
#  else
          /* ISO C says about %ls in fprintf:
               "If a precision is specified, no more than that many bytes are
                written (including shift sequences, if any), and the array
                shall contain a null wide character if, to equal the multibyte
                character sequence length given by the precision, the function
                would need to access a wide character one past the end of the
                array."
             So if there is a precision, we must not use wcslen.  */
          /* This case has already been handled separately in VASNPRINTF.  */
          abort ();
#  endif
        }
      else
# endif
        {
# if WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
          /* ISO C says about %s in fwprintf:
               "If the precision is not specified or is greater than the size
                of the converted array, the converted array shall contain a
                null wide character."
             So if there is a precision, we must not use strlen.  */
          /* This case has already been handled separately in VASNPRINTF.  */
          abort ();
# else
          /* ISO C says about %s in fprintf:
               "If the precision is not specified or greater than the size of
                the array, the array shall contain a null character."
             So if there is a precision, we must not use strlen.  */
          const char *arg = ap->arg[arg_index].a.a_string;

          if (has_precision)
            tmp_length = local_strnlen (arg, precision);
          else
            tmp_length = strlen (arg);
# endif
        }
      break;

    case 'p':
      tmp_length =
        (unsigned int) (sizeof (void *) * CHAR_BIT
                        * 0.25 /* binary -> hexadecimal */
                       )
          + 1 /* turn floor into ceil */
          + 2; /* account for leading 0x */
      break;

    default:
      abort ();
    }

  if (!pad_ourselves)
    {
# if ENABLE_UNISTDIO
      /* Padding considers the number of characters, therefore the number of
         elements after padding may be
           > max (tmp_length, width)
         but is certainly
           <= tmp_length + width.  */
      tmp_length = xsum (tmp_length, width);
# else
      /* Padding considers the number of elements, says POSIX.  */
      if (tmp_length < width)
        tmp_length = width;
# endif
    }

  tmp_length = xsum (tmp_length, 1); /* account for trailing NUL */

  return tmp_length;
}

#endif

DCHAR_T *
VASNPRINTF (DCHAR_T *resultbuf, size_t *lengthp,
            const FCHAR_T *format, va_list args)
{
  DIRECTIVES d;
  arguments a;

  if (PRINTF_PARSE (format, &d, &a) < 0)
    /* errno is already set.  */
    return NULL;

  /* Frees the memory allocated by this function.  Preserves errno.  */
#define CLEANUP() \
  if (d.dir != d.direct_alloc_dir)                                      \
    free (d.dir);                                                       \
  if (a.arg != a.direct_alloc_arg)                                      \
    free (a.arg);

  if (PRINTF_FETCHARGS (args, &a) < 0)
    goto fail_1_with_EINVAL;

  {
    size_t buf_neededlength;
    TCHAR_T *buf;
    TCHAR_T *buf_malloced;
    const FCHAR_T *cp;
    size_t i;
    DIRECTIVE *dp;
    /* Output string accumulator.  */
    DCHAR_T *result;
    size_t allocated;
    size_t length;

    /* Allocate a small buffer that will hold a directive passed to
       sprintf or snprintf.  */
    buf_neededlength =
      xsum4 (7, d.max_width_length, d.max_precision_length, 6);
#if HAVE_ALLOCA
    if (buf_neededlength < 4000 / sizeof (TCHAR_T))
      {
        buf = (TCHAR_T *) alloca (buf_neededlength * sizeof (TCHAR_T));
        buf_malloced = NULL;
      }
    else
#endif
      {
        size_t buf_memsize = xtimes (buf_neededlength, sizeof (TCHAR_T));
        if (size_overflow_p (buf_memsize))
          goto out_of_memory_1;
        buf = (TCHAR_T *) malloc (buf_memsize);
        if (buf == NULL)
          goto out_of_memory_1;
        buf_malloced = buf;
      }

    result = resultbuf;
    allocated = (resultbuf != NULL ? *lengthp : 0);
    length = 0;
    /* Invariants:
       result is either == resultbuf or malloc-allocated.
       If result == NULL, resultbuf is == NULL as well.
       If length > 0, then result != NULL.  */

    /* Ensures that allocated >= needed.  Aborts through a jump to
       out_of_memory if needed is SIZE_MAX or otherwise too big.  */
#define ENSURE_ALLOCATION_ELSE(needed, oom_statement) \
    if ((needed) > allocated)                                                \
      {                                                                      \
        size_t memory_size;                                                  \
        DCHAR_T *memory;                                                     \
                                                                             \
        allocated = (allocated > 0 ? xtimes (allocated, 2) : 12);            \
        if ((needed) > allocated)                                            \
          allocated = (needed);                                              \
        memory_size = xtimes (allocated, sizeof (DCHAR_T));                  \
        if (size_overflow_p (memory_size))                                   \
          oom_statement                                                      \
        if (result == resultbuf)                                             \
          memory = (DCHAR_T *) malloc (memory_size);                         \
        else                                                                 \
          memory = (DCHAR_T *) realloc (result, memory_size);                \
        if (memory == NULL)                                                  \
          oom_statement                                                      \
        if (result == resultbuf && length > 0)                               \
          DCHAR_CPY (memory, result, length);                                \
        result = memory;                                                     \
      }
#define ENSURE_ALLOCATION(needed) \
  ENSURE_ALLOCATION_ELSE((needed), goto out_of_memory; )

    for (cp = format, i = 0, dp = &d.dir[0]; ; cp = dp->dir_end, i++, dp++)
      {
        if (cp != dp->dir_start)
          {
            size_t n = dp->dir_start - cp;
            size_t augmented_length = xsum (length, n);

            ENSURE_ALLOCATION (augmented_length);
            /* This copies a piece of FCHAR_T[] into a DCHAR_T[].  Here we
               need that the format string contains only ASCII characters
               if FCHAR_T and DCHAR_T are not the same type.  */
            if (sizeof (FCHAR_T) == sizeof (DCHAR_T))
              {
                DCHAR_CPY (result + length, (const DCHAR_T *) cp, n);
                length = augmented_length;
              }
            else
              {
                do
                  result[length++] = *cp++;
                while (--n > 0);
              }
          }
        if (i == d.count)
          break;

        /* Execute a single directive.  */
        if (dp->conversion == '%')
          {
            size_t augmented_length;

            if (!(dp->arg_index == ARG_NONE))
              abort ();
            augmented_length = xsum (length, 1);
            ENSURE_ALLOCATION (augmented_length);
            result[length] = '%';
            length = augmented_length;
          }
        else
          {
            if (!(dp->arg_index != ARG_NONE))
              abort ();

            if (dp->conversion == 'n')
              {
                switch (a.arg[dp->arg_index].type)
                  {
                  case TYPE_COUNT_SCHAR_POINTER:
                    *a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_count_schar_pointer = length;
                    break;
                  case TYPE_COUNT_SHORT_POINTER:
                    *a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_count_short_pointer = length;
                    break;
                  case TYPE_COUNT_INT_POINTER:
                    *a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_count_int_pointer = length;
                    break;
                  case TYPE_COUNT_LONGINT_POINTER:
                    *a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_count_longint_pointer = length;
                    break;
                  case TYPE_COUNT_LONGLONGINT_POINTER:
                    *a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_count_longlongint_pointer = length;
                    break;
                  default:
                    abort ();
                  }
              }
#if ENABLE_UNISTDIO
            /* The unistdio extensions.  */
            else if (dp->conversion == 'U')
              {
                arg_type type = a.arg[dp->arg_index].type;
                int flags = dp->flags;
                int has_width;
                size_t width;
                int has_precision;
                size_t precision;

                has_width = 0;
                width = 0;
                if (dp->width_start != dp->width_end)
                  {
                    if (dp->width_arg_index != ARG_NONE)
                      {
                        int arg;

                        if (!(a.arg[dp->width_arg_index].type == TYPE_INT))
                          abort ();
                        arg = a.arg[dp->width_arg_index].a.a_int;
                        width = arg;
                        if (arg < 0)
                          {
                            /* "A negative field width is taken as a '-' flag
                                followed by a positive field width."  */
                            flags |= FLAG_LEFT;
                            width = -width;
                          }
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        const FCHAR_T *digitp = dp->width_start;

                        do
                          width = xsum (xtimes (width, 10), *digitp++ - '0');
                        while (digitp != dp->width_end);
                      }
                    has_width = 1;
                  }

                has_precision = 0;
                precision = 0;
                if (dp->precision_start != dp->precision_end)
                  {
                    if (dp->precision_arg_index != ARG_NONE)
                      {
                        int arg;

                        if (!(a.arg[dp->precision_arg_index].type == TYPE_INT))
                          abort ();
                        arg = a.arg[dp->precision_arg_index].a.a_int;
                        /* "A negative precision is taken as if the precision
                            were omitted."  */
                        if (arg >= 0)
                          {
                            precision = arg;
                            has_precision = 1;
                          }
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        const FCHAR_T *digitp = dp->precision_start + 1;

                        precision = 0;
                        while (digitp != dp->precision_end)
                          precision = xsum (xtimes (precision, 10), *digitp++ - '0');
                        has_precision = 1;
                      }
                  }

                switch (type)
                  {
                  case TYPE_U8_STRING:
                    {
                      const uint8_t *arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_u8_string;
                      const uint8_t *arg_end;
                      size_t characters;

                      if (has_precision)
                        {
                          /* Use only PRECISION characters, from the left.  */
                          arg_end = arg;
                          characters = 0;
                          for (; precision > 0; precision--)
                            {
                              int count = u8_strmblen (arg_end);
                              if (count == 0)
                                break;
                              if (count < 0)
                                goto fail_with_EILSEQ;
                              arg_end += count;
                              characters++;
                            }
                        }
                      else if (has_width)
                        {
                          /* Use the entire string, and count the number of
                             characters.  */
                          arg_end = arg;
                          characters = 0;
                          for (;;)
                            {
                              int count = u8_strmblen (arg_end);
                              if (count == 0)
                                break;
                              if (count < 0)
                                goto fail_with_EILSEQ;
                              arg_end += count;
                              characters++;
                            }
                        }
                      else
                        {
                          /* Use the entire string.  */
                          arg_end = arg + u8_strlen (arg);
                          /* The number of characters doesn't matter.  */
                          characters = 0;
                        }

                      if (characters < width && !(dp->flags & FLAG_LEFT))
                        {
                          size_t n = width - characters;
                          ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, n));
                          DCHAR_SET (result + length, ' ', n);
                          length += n;
                        }

# if DCHAR_IS_UINT8_T
                      {
                        size_t n = arg_end - arg;
                        ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, n));
                        DCHAR_CPY (result + length, arg, n);
                        length += n;
                      }
# else
                      { /* Convert.  */
                        DCHAR_T *converted = result + length;
                        size_t converted_len = allocated - length;
#  if DCHAR_IS_TCHAR
                        /* Convert from UTF-8 to locale encoding.  */
                        converted =
                          u8_conv_to_encoding (locale_charset (),
                                               iconveh_question_mark,
                                               arg, arg_end - arg, NULL,
                                               converted, &converted_len);
#  else
                        /* Convert from UTF-8 to UTF-16/UTF-32.  */
                        converted =
                          U8_TO_DCHAR (arg, arg_end - arg,
                                       converted, &converted_len);
#  endif
                        if (converted == NULL)
                          goto fail_with_errno;
                        if (converted != result + length)
                          {
                            ENSURE_ALLOCATION_ELSE (xsum (length, converted_len),
                                                    { free (converted); goto out_of_memory; });
                            DCHAR_CPY (result + length, converted, converted_len);
                            free (converted);
                          }
                        length += converted_len;
                      }
# endif

                      if (characters < width && (dp->flags & FLAG_LEFT))
                        {
                          size_t n = width - characters;
                          ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, n));
                          DCHAR_SET (result + length, ' ', n);
                          length += n;
                        }
                    }
                    break;

                  case TYPE_U16_STRING:
                    {
                      const uint16_t *arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_u16_string;
                      const uint16_t *arg_end;
                      size_t characters;

                      if (has_precision)
                        {
                          /* Use only PRECISION characters, from the left.  */
                          arg_end = arg;
                          characters = 0;
                          for (; precision > 0; precision--)
                            {
                              int count = u16_strmblen (arg_end);
                              if (count == 0)
                                break;
                              if (count < 0)
                                goto fail_with_EILSEQ;
                              arg_end += count;
                              characters++;
                            }
                        }
                      else if (has_width)
                        {
                          /* Use the entire string, and count the number of
                             characters.  */
                          arg_end = arg;
                          characters = 0;
                          for (;;)
                            {
                              int count = u16_strmblen (arg_end);
                              if (count == 0)
                                break;
                              if (count < 0)
                                goto fail_with_EILSEQ;
                              arg_end += count;
                              characters++;
                            }
                        }
                      else
                        {
                          /* Use the entire string.  */
                          arg_end = arg + u16_strlen (arg);
                          /* The number of characters doesn't matter.  */
                          characters = 0;
                        }

                      if (characters < width && !(dp->flags & FLAG_LEFT))
                        {
                          size_t n = width - characters;
                          ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, n));
                          DCHAR_SET (result + length, ' ', n);
                          length += n;
                        }

# if DCHAR_IS_UINT16_T
                      {
                        size_t n = arg_end - arg;
                        ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, n));
                        DCHAR_CPY (result + length, arg, n);
                        length += n;
                      }
# else
                      { /* Convert.  */
                        DCHAR_T *converted = result + length;
                        size_t converted_len = allocated - length;
#  if DCHAR_IS_TCHAR
                        /* Convert from UTF-16 to locale encoding.  */
                        converted =
                          u16_conv_to_encoding (locale_charset (),
                                                iconveh_question_mark,
                                                arg, arg_end - arg, NULL,
                                                converted, &converted_len);
#  else
                        /* Convert from UTF-16 to UTF-8/UTF-32.  */
                        converted =
                          U16_TO_DCHAR (arg, arg_end - arg,
                                        converted, &converted_len);
#  endif
                        if (converted == NULL)
                          goto fail_with_errno;
                        if (converted != result + length)
                          {
                            ENSURE_ALLOCATION_ELSE (xsum (length, converted_len),
                                                    { free (converted); goto out_of_memory; });
                            DCHAR_CPY (result + length, converted, converted_len);
                            free (converted);
                          }
                        length += converted_len;
                      }
# endif

                      if (characters < width && (dp->flags & FLAG_LEFT))
                        {
                          size_t n = width - characters;
                          ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, n));
                          DCHAR_SET (result + length, ' ', n);
                          length += n;
                        }
                    }
                    break;

                  case TYPE_U32_STRING:
                    {
                      const uint32_t *arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_u32_string;
                      const uint32_t *arg_end;
                      size_t characters;

                      if (has_precision)
                        {
                          /* Use only PRECISION characters, from the left.  */
                          arg_end = arg;
                          characters = 0;
                          for (; precision > 0; precision--)
                            {
                              int count = u32_strmblen (arg_end);
                              if (count == 0)
                                break;
                              if (count < 0)
                                goto fail_with_EILSEQ;
                              arg_end += count;
                              characters++;
                            }
                        }
                      else if (has_width)
                        {
                          /* Use the entire string, and count the number of
                             characters.  */
                          arg_end = arg;
                          characters = 0;
                          for (;;)
                            {
                              int count = u32_strmblen (arg_end);
                              if (count == 0)
                                break;
                              if (count < 0)
                                goto fail_with_EILSEQ;
                              arg_end += count;
                              characters++;
                            }
                        }
                      else
                        {
                          /* Use the entire string.  */
                          arg_end = arg + u32_strlen (arg);
                          /* The number of characters doesn't matter.  */
                          characters = 0;
                        }

                      if (characters < width && !(dp->flags & FLAG_LEFT))
                        {
                          size_t n = width - characters;
                          ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, n));
                          DCHAR_SET (result + length, ' ', n);
                          length += n;
                        }

# if DCHAR_IS_UINT32_T
                      {
                        size_t n = arg_end - arg;
                        ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, n));
                        DCHAR_CPY (result + length, arg, n);
                        length += n;
                      }
# else
                      { /* Convert.  */
                        DCHAR_T *converted = result + length;
                        size_t converted_len = allocated - length;
#  if DCHAR_IS_TCHAR
                        /* Convert from UTF-32 to locale encoding.  */
                        converted =
                          u32_conv_to_encoding (locale_charset (),
                                                iconveh_question_mark,
                                                arg, arg_end - arg, NULL,
                                                converted, &converted_len);
#  else
                        /* Convert from UTF-32 to UTF-8/UTF-16.  */
                        converted =
                          U32_TO_DCHAR (arg, arg_end - arg,
                                        converted, &converted_len);
#  endif
                        if (converted == NULL)
                          goto fail_with_errno;
                        if (converted != result + length)
                          {
                            ENSURE_ALLOCATION_ELSE (xsum (length, converted_len),
                                                    { free (converted); goto out_of_memory; });
                            DCHAR_CPY (result + length, converted, converted_len);
                            free (converted);
                          }
                        length += converted_len;
                      }
# endif

                      if (characters < width && (dp->flags & FLAG_LEFT))
                        {
                          size_t n = width - characters;
                          ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, n));
                          DCHAR_SET (result + length, ' ', n);
                          length += n;
                        }
                    }
                    break;

                  default:
                    abort ();
                  }
              }
#endif
#if (!USE_SNPRINTF || !HAVE_SNPRINTF_RETVAL_C99 || USE_MSVC__SNPRINTF || (NEED_PRINTF_DIRECTIVE_LS && !defined IN_LIBINTL) || ENABLE_WCHAR_FALLBACK) && HAVE_WCHAR_T
            else if (dp->conversion == 's'
# if WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
                     && a.arg[dp->arg_index].type != TYPE_WIDE_STRING
# else
                     && a.arg[dp->arg_index].type == TYPE_WIDE_STRING
# endif
                    )
              {
                /* The normal handling of the 's' directive below requires
                   allocating a temporary buffer.  The determination of its
                   length (tmp_length), in the case when a precision is
                   specified, below requires a conversion between a char[]
                   string and a wchar_t[] wide string.  It could be done, but
                   we have no guarantee that the implementation of sprintf will
                   use the exactly same algorithm.  Without this guarantee, it
                   is possible to have buffer overrun bugs.  In order to avoid
                   such bugs, we implement the entire processing of the 's'
                   directive ourselves.  */
                int flags = dp->flags;
                int has_width;
                size_t width;
                int has_precision;
                size_t precision;

                has_width = 0;
                width = 0;
                if (dp->width_start != dp->width_end)
                  {
                    if (dp->width_arg_index != ARG_NONE)
                      {
                        int arg;

                        if (!(a.arg[dp->width_arg_index].type == TYPE_INT))
                          abort ();
                        arg = a.arg[dp->width_arg_index].a.a_int;
                        width = arg;
                        if (arg < 0)
                          {
                            /* "A negative field width is taken as a '-' flag
                                followed by a positive field width."  */
                            flags |= FLAG_LEFT;
                            width = -width;
                          }
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        const FCHAR_T *digitp = dp->width_start;

                        do
                          width = xsum (xtimes (width, 10), *digitp++ - '0');
                        while (digitp != dp->width_end);
                      }
                    has_width = 1;
                  }

                has_precision = 0;
                precision = 6;
                if (dp->precision_start != dp->precision_end)
                  {
                    if (dp->precision_arg_index != ARG_NONE)
                      {
                        int arg;

                        if (!(a.arg[dp->precision_arg_index].type == TYPE_INT))
                          abort ();
                        arg = a.arg[dp->precision_arg_index].a.a_int;
                        /* "A negative precision is taken as if the precision
                            were omitted."  */
                        if (arg >= 0)
                          {
                            precision = arg;
                            has_precision = 1;
                          }
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        const FCHAR_T *digitp = dp->precision_start + 1;

                        precision = 0;
                        while (digitp != dp->precision_end)
                          precision = xsum (xtimes (precision, 10), *digitp++ - '0');
                        has_precision = 1;
                      }
                  }

# if WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
                /* %s in vasnwprintf.  See the specification of fwprintf.  */
                {
                  const char *arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_string;
                  const char *arg_end;
                  size_t characters;

                  if (has_precision)
                    {
                      /* Use only as many bytes as needed to produce PRECISION
                         wide characters, from the left.  */
#  if HAVE_MBRTOWC
                      mbstate_t state;
                      memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (mbstate_t));
#  endif
                      arg_end = arg;
                      characters = 0;
                      for (; precision > 0; precision--)
                        {
                          int count;
#  if HAVE_MBRTOWC
                          count = mbrlen (arg_end, MB_CUR_MAX, &state);
#  else
                          count = mblen (arg_end, MB_CUR_MAX);
#  endif
                          if (count == 0)
                            /* Found the terminating NUL.  */
                            break;
                          if (count < 0)
                            /* Invalid or incomplete multibyte character.  */
                            goto fail_with_EILSEQ;
                          arg_end += count;
                          characters++;
                        }
                    }
                  else if (has_width)
                    {
                      /* Use the entire string, and count the number of wide
                         characters.  */
#  if HAVE_MBRTOWC
                      mbstate_t state;
                      memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (mbstate_t));
#  endif
                      arg_end = arg;
                      characters = 0;
                      for (;;)
                        {
                          int count;
#  if HAVE_MBRTOWC
                          count = mbrlen (arg_end, MB_CUR_MAX, &state);
#  else
                          count = mblen (arg_end, MB_CUR_MAX);
#  endif
                          if (count == 0)
                            /* Found the terminating NUL.  */
                            break;
                          if (count < 0)
                            /* Invalid or incomplete multibyte character.  */
                            goto fail_with_EILSEQ;
                          arg_end += count;
                          characters++;
                        }
                    }
                  else
                    {
                      /* Use the entire string.  */
                      arg_end = arg + strlen (arg);
                      /* The number of characters doesn't matter.  */
                      characters = 0;
                    }

                  if (characters < width && !(dp->flags & FLAG_LEFT))
                    {
                      size_t n = width - characters;
                      ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, n));
                      DCHAR_SET (result + length, ' ', n);
                      length += n;
                    }

                  if (has_precision || has_width)
                    {
                      /* We know the number of wide characters in advance.  */
                      size_t remaining;
#  if HAVE_MBRTOWC
                      mbstate_t state;
                      memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (mbstate_t));
#  endif
                      ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, characters));
                      for (remaining = characters; remaining > 0; remaining--)
                        {
                          wchar_t wc;
                          int count;
#  if HAVE_MBRTOWC
                          count = mbrtowc (&wc, arg, arg_end - arg, &state);
#  else
                          count = mbtowc (&wc, arg, arg_end - arg);
#  endif
                          if (count <= 0)
                            /* mbrtowc not consistent with mbrlen, or mbtowc
                               not consistent with mblen.  */
                            abort ();
                          result[length++] = wc;
                          arg += count;
                        }
                      if (!(arg == arg_end))
                        abort ();
                    }
                  else
                    {
#  if HAVE_MBRTOWC
                      mbstate_t state;
                      memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (mbstate_t));
#  endif
                      while (arg < arg_end)
                        {
                          wchar_t wc;
                          int count;
#  if HAVE_MBRTOWC
                          count = mbrtowc (&wc, arg, arg_end - arg, &state);
#  else
                          count = mbtowc (&wc, arg, arg_end - arg);
#  endif
                          if (count <= 0)
                            /* mbrtowc not consistent with mbrlen, or mbtowc
                               not consistent with mblen.  */
                            abort ();
                          ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, 1));
                          result[length++] = wc;
                          arg += count;
                        }
                    }

                  if (characters < width && (dp->flags & FLAG_LEFT))
                    {
                      size_t n = width - characters;
                      ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, n));
                      DCHAR_SET (result + length, ' ', n);
                      length += n;
                    }
                }
# else
                /* %ls in vasnprintf.  See the specification of fprintf.  */
                {
                  const wchar_t *arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_wide_string;
                  const wchar_t *arg_end;
                  size_t characters;
#  if !DCHAR_IS_TCHAR
                  /* This code assumes that TCHAR_T is 'char'.  */
                  verify (sizeof (TCHAR_T) == 1);
                  TCHAR_T *tmpsrc;
                  DCHAR_T *tmpdst;
                  size_t tmpdst_len;
#  endif
                  size_t w;

                  if (has_precision)
                    {
                      /* Use only as many wide characters as needed to produce
                         at most PRECISION bytes, from the left.  */
#  if HAVE_WCRTOMB && !defined GNULIB_defined_mbstate_t
                      mbstate_t state;
                      memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (mbstate_t));
#  endif
                      arg_end = arg;
                      characters = 0;
                      while (precision > 0)
                        {
                          char cbuf[64]; /* Assume MB_CUR_MAX <= 64.  */
                          int count;

                          if (*arg_end == 0)
                            /* Found the terminating null wide character.  */
                            break;
                          count = local_wcrtomb (cbuf, *arg_end, &state);
                          if (count < 0)
                            /* Cannot convert.  */
                            goto fail_with_EILSEQ;
                          if (precision < (unsigned int) count)
                            break;
                          arg_end++;
                          characters += count;
                          precision -= count;
                        }
                    }
#  if DCHAR_IS_TCHAR
                  else if (has_width)
#  else
                  else
#  endif
                    {
                      /* Use the entire string, and count the number of
                         bytes.  */
#  if HAVE_WCRTOMB && !defined GNULIB_defined_mbstate_t
                      mbstate_t state;
                      memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (mbstate_t));
#  endif
                      arg_end = arg;
                      characters = 0;
                      for (;;)
                        {
                          char cbuf[64]; /* Assume MB_CUR_MAX <= 64.  */
                          int count;

                          if (*arg_end == 0)
                            /* Found the terminating null wide character.  */
                            break;
                          count = local_wcrtomb (cbuf, *arg_end, &state);
                          if (count < 0)
                            /* Cannot convert.  */
                            goto fail_with_EILSEQ;
                          arg_end++;
                          characters += count;
                        }
                    }
#  if DCHAR_IS_TCHAR
                  else
                    {
                      /* Use the entire string.  */
                      arg_end = arg + local_wcslen (arg);
                      /* The number of bytes doesn't matter.  */
                      characters = 0;
                    }
#  endif

#  if !DCHAR_IS_TCHAR
                  /* Convert the string into a piece of temporary memory.  */
                  tmpsrc = (TCHAR_T *) malloc (characters * sizeof (TCHAR_T));
                  if (tmpsrc == NULL)
                    goto out_of_memory;
                  {
                    TCHAR_T *tmpptr = tmpsrc;
                    size_t remaining;
#   if HAVE_WCRTOMB && !defined GNULIB_defined_mbstate_t
                    mbstate_t state;
                    memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (mbstate_t));
#   endif
                    for (remaining = characters; remaining > 0; )
                      {
                        char cbuf[64]; /* Assume MB_CUR_MAX <= 64.  */
                        int count;

                        if (*arg == 0)
                          abort ();
                        count = local_wcrtomb (cbuf, *arg, &state);
                        if (count <= 0)
                          /* Inconsistency.  */
                          abort ();
                        memcpy (tmpptr, cbuf, count);
                        tmpptr += count;
                        arg++;
                        remaining -= count;
                      }
                    if (!(arg == arg_end))
                      abort ();
                  }

                  /* Convert from TCHAR_T[] to DCHAR_T[].  */
                  tmpdst =
                    DCHAR_CONV_FROM_ENCODING (locale_charset (),
                                              iconveh_question_mark,
                                              tmpsrc, characters,
                                              NULL,
                                              NULL, &tmpdst_len);
                  if (tmpdst == NULL)
                    {
                      free (tmpsrc);
                      goto fail_with_errno;
                    }
                  free (tmpsrc);
#  endif

                  if (has_width)
                    {
#  if ENABLE_UNISTDIO
                      /* Outside POSIX, it's preferable to compare the width
                         against the number of _characters_ of the converted
                         value.  */
                      w = DCHAR_MBSNLEN (result + length, characters);
#  else
                      /* The width is compared against the number of _bytes_
                         of the converted value, says POSIX.  */
                      w = characters;
#  endif
                    }
                  else
                    /* w doesn't matter.  */
                    w = 0;

                  if (w < width && !(dp->flags & FLAG_LEFT))
                    {
                      size_t n = width - w;
                      ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, n));
                      DCHAR_SET (result + length, ' ', n);
                      length += n;
                    }

#  if DCHAR_IS_TCHAR
                  if (has_precision || has_width)
                    {
                      /* We know the number of bytes in advance.  */
                      size_t remaining;
#   if HAVE_WCRTOMB && !defined GNULIB_defined_mbstate_t
                      mbstate_t state;
                      memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (mbstate_t));
#   endif
                      ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, characters));
                      for (remaining = characters; remaining > 0; )
                        {
                          char cbuf[64]; /* Assume MB_CUR_MAX <= 64.  */
                          int count;

                          if (*arg == 0)
                            abort ();
                          count = local_wcrtomb (cbuf, *arg, &state);
                          if (count <= 0)
                            /* Inconsistency.  */
                            abort ();
                          memcpy (result + length, cbuf, count);
                          length += count;
                          arg++;
                          remaining -= count;
                        }
                      if (!(arg == arg_end))
                        abort ();
                    }
                  else
                    {
#   if HAVE_WCRTOMB && !defined GNULIB_defined_mbstate_t
                      mbstate_t state;
                      memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (mbstate_t));
#   endif
                      while (arg < arg_end)
                        {
                          char cbuf[64]; /* Assume MB_CUR_MAX <= 64.  */
                          int count;

                          if (*arg == 0)
                            abort ();
                          count = local_wcrtomb (cbuf, *arg, &state);
                          if (count <= 0)
                            /* Cannot convert.  */
                            goto fail_with_EILSEQ;
                          ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, count));
                          memcpy (result + length, cbuf, count);
                          length += count;
                          arg++;
                        }
                    }
#  else
                  ENSURE_ALLOCATION_ELSE (xsum (length, tmpdst_len),
                                          { free (tmpdst); goto out_of_memory; });
                  DCHAR_CPY (result + length, tmpdst, tmpdst_len);
                  free (tmpdst);
                  length += tmpdst_len;
#  endif

                  if (w < width && (dp->flags & FLAG_LEFT))
                    {
                      size_t n = width - w;
                      ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, n));
                      DCHAR_SET (result + length, ' ', n);
                      length += n;
                    }
                }
# endif
              }
#endif
#if ENABLE_WCHAR_FALLBACK && HAVE_WINT_T && !WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
            else if (dp->conversion == 'c'
                     && a.arg[dp->arg_index].type == TYPE_WIDE_CHAR)
              {
                /* Implement the 'lc' directive ourselves, in order to provide
                   the fallback that avoids EILSEQ.  */
                int flags = dp->flags;
                int has_width;
                size_t width;

                has_width = 0;
                width = 0;
                if (dp->width_start != dp->width_end)
                  {
                    if (dp->width_arg_index != ARG_NONE)
                      {
                        int arg;

                        if (!(a.arg[dp->width_arg_index].type == TYPE_INT))
                          abort ();
                        arg = a.arg[dp->width_arg_index].a.a_int;
                        width = arg;
                        if (arg < 0)
                          {
                            /* "A negative field width is taken as a '-' flag
                                followed by a positive field width."  */
                            flags |= FLAG_LEFT;
                            width = -width;
                          }
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        const FCHAR_T *digitp = dp->width_start;

                        do
                          width = xsum (xtimes (width, 10), *digitp++ - '0');
                        while (digitp != dp->width_end);
                      }
                    has_width = 1;
                  }

                /* %lc in vasnprintf.  See the specification of fprintf.  */
                {
                  wchar_t arg = (wchar_t) a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_wide_char;
                  size_t characters;
# if !DCHAR_IS_TCHAR
                  /* This code assumes that TCHAR_T is 'char'.  */
                  verify (sizeof (TCHAR_T) == 1);
                  TCHAR_T tmpsrc[64]; /* Assume MB_CUR_MAX <= 64.  */
                  DCHAR_T *tmpdst;
                  size_t tmpdst_len;
# endif
                  size_t w;

# if DCHAR_IS_TCHAR
                  if (has_width)
# endif
                    {
                      /* Count the number of bytes.  */
                      characters = 0;
                      if (arg != 0)
                        {
                          char cbuf[64]; /* Assume MB_CUR_MAX <= 64.  */
                          int count;
# if HAVE_WCRTOMB && !defined GNULIB_defined_mbstate_t
                          mbstate_t state;
                          memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (mbstate_t));
# endif

                          count = local_wcrtomb (cbuf, arg, &state);
                          if (count < 0)
                            /* Inconsistency.  */
                            abort ();
                          characters = count;
                        }
                    }
# if DCHAR_IS_TCHAR
                  else
                    {
                      /* The number of bytes doesn't matter.  */
                      characters = 0;
                    }
# endif

# if !DCHAR_IS_TCHAR
                  /* Convert the string into a piece of temporary memory.  */
                  if (characters > 0) /* implies arg != 0 */
                    {
                      char cbuf[64]; /* Assume MB_CUR_MAX <= 64.  */
                      int count;
#  if HAVE_WCRTOMB && !defined GNULIB_defined_mbstate_t
                      mbstate_t state;
                      memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (mbstate_t));
#  endif

                      count = local_wcrtomb (cbuf, arg, &state);
                      if (count <= 0)
                        /* Inconsistency.  */
                        abort ();
                      memcpy (tmpsrc, cbuf, count);
                    }

                  /* Convert from TCHAR_T[] to DCHAR_T[].  */
                  tmpdst =
                    DCHAR_CONV_FROM_ENCODING (locale_charset (),
                                              iconveh_question_mark,
                                              tmpsrc, characters,
                                              NULL,
                                              NULL, &tmpdst_len);
                  if (tmpdst == NULL)
                    goto fail_with_errno;
# endif

                  if (has_width)
                    {
# if ENABLE_UNISTDIO
                      /* Outside POSIX, it's preferable to compare the width
                         against the number of _characters_ of the converted
                         value.  */
                      w = DCHAR_MBSNLEN (result + length, characters);
# else
                      /* The width is compared against the number of _bytes_
                         of the converted value, says POSIX.  */
                      w = characters;
# endif
                    }
                  else
                    /* w doesn't matter.  */
                    w = 0;

                  if (w < width && !(dp->flags & FLAG_LEFT))
                    {
                      size_t n = width - w;
                      ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, n));
                      DCHAR_SET (result + length, ' ', n);
                      length += n;
                    }

# if DCHAR_IS_TCHAR
                  if (has_width)
                    {
                      /* We know the number of bytes in advance.  */
                      ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, characters));
                      if (characters > 0) /* implies arg != 0 */
                        {
                          int count;
#  if HAVE_WCRTOMB && !defined GNULIB_defined_mbstate_t
                          mbstate_t state;
                          memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (mbstate_t));
#  endif

                          count = local_wcrtomb (result + length, arg, &state);
                          if (count <= 0)
                            /* Inconsistency.  */
                            abort ();
                          length += count;
                        }
                    }
                  else
                    {
                      if (arg != 0)
                        {
                          char cbuf[64]; /* Assume MB_CUR_MAX <= 64.  */
                          int count;
#  if HAVE_WCRTOMB && !defined GNULIB_defined_mbstate_t
                          mbstate_t state;
                          memset (&state, '\0', sizeof (mbstate_t));
#  endif

                          count = local_wcrtomb (cbuf, arg, &state);
                          if (count <= 0)
                            /* Inconsistency.  */
                            abort ();
                          ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, count));
                          memcpy (result + length, cbuf, count);
                          length += count;
                        }
                    }
# else
                  ENSURE_ALLOCATION_ELSE (xsum (length, tmpdst_len),
                                          { free (tmpdst); goto out_of_memory; });
                  DCHAR_CPY (result + length, tmpdst, tmpdst_len);
                  free (tmpdst);
                  length += tmpdst_len;
# endif

                  if (w < width && (dp->flags & FLAG_LEFT))
                    {
                      size_t n = width - w;
                      ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, n));
                      DCHAR_SET (result + length, ' ', n);
                      length += n;
                    }
                }
              }
#endif
#if (NEED_PRINTF_DIRECTIVE_A || NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE) && !defined IN_LIBINTL
            else if ((dp->conversion == 'a' || dp->conversion == 'A')
# if !(NEED_PRINTF_DIRECTIVE_A || (NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE && NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE))
                     && (0
#  if NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE
                         || a.arg[dp->arg_index].type == TYPE_DOUBLE
#  endif
#  if NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE
                         || a.arg[dp->arg_index].type == TYPE_LONGDOUBLE
#  endif
                        )
# endif
                    )
              {
                arg_type type = a.arg[dp->arg_index].type;
                int flags = dp->flags;
                size_t width;
                int has_precision;
                size_t precision;
                size_t tmp_length;
                size_t count;
                DCHAR_T tmpbuf[700];
                DCHAR_T *tmp;
                DCHAR_T *pad_ptr;
                DCHAR_T *p;

                width = 0;
                if (dp->width_start != dp->width_end)
                  {
                    if (dp->width_arg_index != ARG_NONE)
                      {
                        int arg;

                        if (!(a.arg[dp->width_arg_index].type == TYPE_INT))
                          abort ();
                        arg = a.arg[dp->width_arg_index].a.a_int;
                        width = arg;
                        if (arg < 0)
                          {
                            /* "A negative field width is taken as a '-' flag
                                followed by a positive field width."  */
                            flags |= FLAG_LEFT;
                            width = -width;
                          }
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        const FCHAR_T *digitp = dp->width_start;

                        do
                          width = xsum (xtimes (width, 10), *digitp++ - '0');
                        while (digitp != dp->width_end);
                      }
                  }

                has_precision = 0;
                precision = 0;
                if (dp->precision_start != dp->precision_end)
                  {
                    if (dp->precision_arg_index != ARG_NONE)
                      {
                        int arg;

                        if (!(a.arg[dp->precision_arg_index].type == TYPE_INT))
                          abort ();
                        arg = a.arg[dp->precision_arg_index].a.a_int;
                        /* "A negative precision is taken as if the precision
                            were omitted."  */
                        if (arg >= 0)
                          {
                            precision = arg;
                            has_precision = 1;
                          }
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        const FCHAR_T *digitp = dp->precision_start + 1;

                        precision = 0;
                        while (digitp != dp->precision_end)
                          precision = xsum (xtimes (precision, 10), *digitp++ - '0');
                        has_precision = 1;
                      }
                  }

                /* Allocate a temporary buffer of sufficient size.  */
                if (type == TYPE_LONGDOUBLE)
                  tmp_length =
                    (unsigned int) ((LDBL_DIG + 1)
                                    * 0.831 /* decimal -> hexadecimal */
                                   )
                    + 1; /* turn floor into ceil */
                else
                  tmp_length =
                    (unsigned int) ((DBL_DIG + 1)
                                    * 0.831 /* decimal -> hexadecimal */
                                   )
                    + 1; /* turn floor into ceil */
                if (tmp_length < precision)
                  tmp_length = precision;
                /* Account for sign, decimal point etc. */
                tmp_length = xsum (tmp_length, 12);

                if (tmp_length < width)
                  tmp_length = width;

                tmp_length = xsum (tmp_length, 1); /* account for trailing NUL */

                if (tmp_length <= sizeof (tmpbuf) / sizeof (DCHAR_T))
                  tmp = tmpbuf;
                else
                  {
                    size_t tmp_memsize = xtimes (tmp_length, sizeof (DCHAR_T));

                    if (size_overflow_p (tmp_memsize))
                      /* Overflow, would lead to out of memory.  */
                      goto out_of_memory;
                    tmp = (DCHAR_T *) malloc (tmp_memsize);
                    if (tmp == NULL)
                      /* Out of memory.  */
                      goto out_of_memory;
                  }

                pad_ptr = NULL;
                p = tmp;
                if (type == TYPE_LONGDOUBLE)
                  {
# if NEED_PRINTF_DIRECTIVE_A || NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE
                    long double arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_longdouble;

                    if (isnanl (arg))
                      {
                        if (dp->conversion == 'A')
                          {
                            *p++ = 'N'; *p++ = 'A'; *p++ = 'N';
                          }
                        else
                          {
                            *p++ = 'n'; *p++ = 'a'; *p++ = 'n';
                          }
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        int sign = 0;
                        DECL_LONG_DOUBLE_ROUNDING

                        BEGIN_LONG_DOUBLE_ROUNDING ();

                        if (signbit (arg)) /* arg < 0.0L or negative zero */
                          {
                            sign = -1;
                            arg = -arg;
                          }

                        if (sign < 0)
                          *p++ = '-';
                        else if (flags & FLAG_SHOWSIGN)
                          *p++ = '+';
                        else if (flags & FLAG_SPACE)
                          *p++ = ' ';

                        if (arg > 0.0L && arg + arg == arg)
                          {
                            if (dp->conversion == 'A')
                              {
                                *p++ = 'I'; *p++ = 'N'; *p++ = 'F';
                              }
                            else
                              {
                                *p++ = 'i'; *p++ = 'n'; *p++ = 'f';
                              }
                          }
                        else
                          {
                            int exponent;
                            long double mantissa;

                            if (arg > 0.0L)
                              mantissa = printf_frexpl (arg, &exponent);
                            else
                              {
                                exponent = 0;
                                mantissa = 0.0L;
                              }

                            if (has_precision
                                && precision < (unsigned int) ((LDBL_DIG + 1) * 0.831) + 1)
                              {
                                /* Round the mantissa.  */
                                long double tail = mantissa;
                                size_t q;

                                for (q = precision; ; q--)
                                  {
                                    int digit = (int) tail;
                                    tail -= digit;
                                    if (q == 0)
                                      {
                                        if (digit & 1 ? tail >= 0.5L : tail > 0.5L)
                                          tail = 1 - tail;
                                        else
                                          tail = - tail;
                                        break;
                                      }
                                    tail *= 16.0L;
                                  }
                                if (tail != 0.0L)
                                  for (q = precision; q > 0; q--)
                                    tail *= 0.0625L;
                                mantissa += tail;
                              }

                            *p++ = '0';
                            *p++ = dp->conversion - 'A' + 'X';
                            pad_ptr = p;
                            {
                              int digit;

                              digit = (int) mantissa;
                              mantissa -= digit;
                              *p++ = '0' + digit;
                              if ((flags & FLAG_ALT)
                                  || mantissa > 0.0L || precision > 0)
                                {
                                  *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                  /* This loop terminates because we assume
                                     that FLT_RADIX is a power of 2.  */
                                  while (mantissa > 0.0L)
                                    {
                                      mantissa *= 16.0L;
                                      digit = (int) mantissa;
                                      mantissa -= digit;
                                      *p++ = digit
                                             + (digit < 10
                                                ? '0'
                                                : dp->conversion - 10);
                                      if (precision > 0)
                                        precision--;
                                    }
                                  while (precision > 0)
                                    {
                                      *p++ = '0';
                                      precision--;
                                    }
                                }
                              }
                              *p++ = dp->conversion - 'A' + 'P';
#  if WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
                              {
                                static const wchar_t decimal_format[] =
                                  { '%', '+', 'd', '\0' };
                                SNPRINTF (p, 6 + 1, decimal_format, exponent);
                              }
                              while (*p != '\0')
                                p++;
#  else
                              if (sizeof (DCHAR_T) == 1)
                                {
                                  sprintf ((char *) p, "%+d", exponent);
                                  while (*p != '\0')
                                    p++;
                                }
                              else
                                {
                                  char expbuf[6 + 1];
                                  const char *ep;
                                  sprintf (expbuf, "%+d", exponent);
                                  for (ep = expbuf; (*p = *ep) != '\0'; ep++)
                                    p++;
                                }
#  endif
                          }

                        END_LONG_DOUBLE_ROUNDING ();
                      }
# else
                    abort ();
# endif
                  }
                else
                  {
# if NEED_PRINTF_DIRECTIVE_A || NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE
                    double arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_double;

                    if (isnand (arg))
                      {
                        if (dp->conversion == 'A')
                          {
                            *p++ = 'N'; *p++ = 'A'; *p++ = 'N';
                          }
                        else
                          {
                            *p++ = 'n'; *p++ = 'a'; *p++ = 'n';
                          }
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        int sign = 0;

                        if (signbit (arg)) /* arg < 0.0 or negative zero */
                          {
                            sign = -1;
                            arg = -arg;
                          }

                        if (sign < 0)
                          *p++ = '-';
                        else if (flags & FLAG_SHOWSIGN)
                          *p++ = '+';
                        else if (flags & FLAG_SPACE)
                          *p++ = ' ';

                        if (arg > 0.0 && arg + arg == arg)
                          {
                            if (dp->conversion == 'A')
                              {
                                *p++ = 'I'; *p++ = 'N'; *p++ = 'F';
                              }
                            else
                              {
                                *p++ = 'i'; *p++ = 'n'; *p++ = 'f';
                              }
                          }
                        else
                          {
                            int exponent;
                            double mantissa;

                            if (arg > 0.0)
                              mantissa = printf_frexp (arg, &exponent);
                            else
                              {
                                exponent = 0;
                                mantissa = 0.0;
                              }

                            if (has_precision
                                && precision < (unsigned int) ((DBL_DIG + 1) * 0.831) + 1)
                              {
                                /* Round the mantissa.  */
                                double tail = mantissa;
                                size_t q;

                                for (q = precision; ; q--)
                                  {
                                    int digit = (int) tail;
                                    tail -= digit;
                                    if (q == 0)
                                      {
                                        if (digit & 1 ? tail >= 0.5 : tail > 0.5)
                                          tail = 1 - tail;
                                        else
                                          tail = - tail;
                                        break;
                                      }
                                    tail *= 16.0;
                                  }
                                if (tail != 0.0)
                                  for (q = precision; q > 0; q--)
                                    tail *= 0.0625;
                                mantissa += tail;
                              }

                            *p++ = '0';
                            *p++ = dp->conversion - 'A' + 'X';
                            pad_ptr = p;
                            {
                              int digit;

                              digit = (int) mantissa;
                              mantissa -= digit;
                              *p++ = '0' + digit;
                              if ((flags & FLAG_ALT)
                                  || mantissa > 0.0 || precision > 0)
                                {
                                  *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                  /* This loop terminates because we assume
                                     that FLT_RADIX is a power of 2.  */
                                  while (mantissa > 0.0)
                                    {
                                      mantissa *= 16.0;
                                      digit = (int) mantissa;
                                      mantissa -= digit;
                                      *p++ = digit
                                             + (digit < 10
                                                ? '0'
                                                : dp->conversion - 10);
                                      if (precision > 0)
                                        precision--;
                                    }
                                  while (precision > 0)
                                    {
                                      *p++ = '0';
                                      precision--;
                                    }
                                }
                              }
                              *p++ = dp->conversion - 'A' + 'P';
#  if WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
                              {
                                static const wchar_t decimal_format[] =
                                  { '%', '+', 'd', '\0' };
                                SNPRINTF (p, 6 + 1, decimal_format, exponent);
                              }
                              while (*p != '\0')
                                p++;
#  else
                              if (sizeof (DCHAR_T) == 1)
                                {
                                  sprintf ((char *) p, "%+d", exponent);
                                  while (*p != '\0')
                                    p++;
                                }
                              else
                                {
                                  char expbuf[6 + 1];
                                  const char *ep;
                                  sprintf (expbuf, "%+d", exponent);
                                  for (ep = expbuf; (*p = *ep) != '\0'; ep++)
                                    p++;
                                }
#  endif
                          }
                      }
# else
                    abort ();
# endif
                  }

                /* The generated string now extends from tmp to p, with the
                   zero padding insertion point being at pad_ptr.  */
                count = p - tmp;

                if (count < width)
                  {
                    size_t pad = width - count;
                    DCHAR_T *end = p + pad;

                    if (flags & FLAG_LEFT)
                      {
                        /* Pad with spaces on the right.  */
                        for (; pad > 0; pad--)
                          *p++ = ' ';
                      }
                    else if ((flags & FLAG_ZERO) && pad_ptr != NULL)
                      {
                        /* Pad with zeroes.  */
                        DCHAR_T *q = end;

                        while (p > pad_ptr)
                          *--q = *--p;
                        for (; pad > 0; pad--)
                          *p++ = '0';
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        /* Pad with spaces on the left.  */
                        DCHAR_T *q = end;

                        while (p > tmp)
                          *--q = *--p;
                        for (; pad > 0; pad--)
                          *p++ = ' ';
                      }

                    p = end;
                  }

                count = p - tmp;

                if (count >= tmp_length)
                  /* tmp_length was incorrectly calculated - fix the
                     code above!  */
                  abort ();

                /* Make room for the result.  */
                if (count >= allocated - length)
                  {
                    size_t n = xsum (length, count);

                    ENSURE_ALLOCATION (n);
                  }

                /* Append the result.  */
                memcpy (result + length, tmp, count * sizeof (DCHAR_T));
                if (tmp != tmpbuf)
                  free (tmp);
                length += count;
              }
#endif
#if (NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_LONG_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE) && !defined IN_LIBINTL
            else if ((dp->conversion == 'f' || dp->conversion == 'F'
                      || dp->conversion == 'e' || dp->conversion == 'E'
                      || dp->conversion == 'g' || dp->conversion == 'G'
                      || dp->conversion == 'a' || dp->conversion == 'A')
                     && (0
# if NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE
                         || a.arg[dp->arg_index].type == TYPE_DOUBLE
# elif NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_DOUBLE
                         || (a.arg[dp->arg_index].type == TYPE_DOUBLE
                             /* The systems (mingw) which produce wrong output
                                for Inf, -Inf, and NaN also do so for -0.0.
                                Therefore we treat this case here as well.  */
                             && is_infinite_or_zero (a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_double))
# endif
# if NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE
                         || a.arg[dp->arg_index].type == TYPE_LONGDOUBLE
# elif NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_LONG_DOUBLE
                         || (a.arg[dp->arg_index].type == TYPE_LONGDOUBLE
                             /* Some systems produce wrong output for Inf,
                                -Inf, and NaN.  Some systems in this category
                                (IRIX 5.3) also do so for -0.0.  Therefore we
                                treat this case here as well.  */
                             && is_infinite_or_zerol (a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_longdouble))
# endif
                        ))
              {
# if (NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_DOUBLE) && (NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_LONG_DOUBLE)
                arg_type type = a.arg[dp->arg_index].type;
# endif
                int flags = dp->flags;
                size_t width;
                size_t count;
                int has_precision;
                size_t precision;
                size_t tmp_length;
                DCHAR_T tmpbuf[700];
                DCHAR_T *tmp;
                DCHAR_T *pad_ptr;
                DCHAR_T *p;

                width = 0;
                if (dp->width_start != dp->width_end)
                  {
                    if (dp->width_arg_index != ARG_NONE)
                      {
                        int arg;

                        if (!(a.arg[dp->width_arg_index].type == TYPE_INT))
                          abort ();
                        arg = a.arg[dp->width_arg_index].a.a_int;
                        width = arg;
                        if (arg < 0)
                          {
                            /* "A negative field width is taken as a '-' flag
                                followed by a positive field width."  */
                            flags |= FLAG_LEFT;
                            width = -width;
                          }
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        const FCHAR_T *digitp = dp->width_start;

                        do
                          width = xsum (xtimes (width, 10), *digitp++ - '0');
                        while (digitp != dp->width_end);
                      }
                  }

                has_precision = 0;
                precision = 0;
                if (dp->precision_start != dp->precision_end)
                  {
                    if (dp->precision_arg_index != ARG_NONE)
                      {
                        int arg;

                        if (!(a.arg[dp->precision_arg_index].type == TYPE_INT))
                          abort ();
                        arg = a.arg[dp->precision_arg_index].a.a_int;
                        /* "A negative precision is taken as if the precision
                            were omitted."  */
                        if (arg >= 0)
                          {
                            precision = arg;
                            has_precision = 1;
                          }
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        const FCHAR_T *digitp = dp->precision_start + 1;

                        precision = 0;
                        while (digitp != dp->precision_end)
                          precision = xsum (xtimes (precision, 10), *digitp++ - '0');
                        has_precision = 1;
                      }
                  }

                /* POSIX specifies the default precision to be 6 for %f, %F,
                   %e, %E, but not for %g, %G.  Implementations appear to use
                   the same default precision also for %g, %G.  But for %a, %A,
                   the default precision is 0.  */
                if (!has_precision)
                  if (!(dp->conversion == 'a' || dp->conversion == 'A'))
                    precision = 6;

                /* Allocate a temporary buffer of sufficient size.  */
# if NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE && NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE
                tmp_length = (type == TYPE_LONGDOUBLE ? LDBL_DIG + 1 : DBL_DIG + 1);
# elif NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_DOUBLE && NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE
                tmp_length = (type == TYPE_LONGDOUBLE ? LDBL_DIG + 1 : 0);
# elif NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE
                tmp_length = LDBL_DIG + 1;
# elif NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE
                tmp_length = DBL_DIG + 1;
# else
                tmp_length = 0;
# endif
                if (tmp_length < precision)
                  tmp_length = precision;
# if NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE
#  if NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_DOUBLE
                if (type == TYPE_LONGDOUBLE)
#  endif
                  if (dp->conversion == 'f' || dp->conversion == 'F')
                    {
                      long double arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_longdouble;
                      if (!(isnanl (arg) || arg + arg == arg))
                        {
                          /* arg is finite and nonzero.  */
                          int exponent = floorlog10l (arg < 0 ? -arg : arg);
                          if (exponent >= 0 && tmp_length < exponent + precision)
                            tmp_length = exponent + precision;
                        }
                    }
# endif
# if NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE
#  if NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_LONG_DOUBLE
                if (type == TYPE_DOUBLE)
#  endif
                  if (dp->conversion == 'f' || dp->conversion == 'F')
                    {
                      double arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_double;
                      if (!(isnand (arg) || arg + arg == arg))
                        {
                          /* arg is finite and nonzero.  */
                          int exponent = floorlog10 (arg < 0 ? -arg : arg);
                          if (exponent >= 0 && tmp_length < exponent + precision)
                            tmp_length = exponent + precision;
                        }
                    }
# endif
                /* Account for sign, decimal point etc. */
                tmp_length = xsum (tmp_length, 12);

                if (tmp_length < width)
                  tmp_length = width;

                tmp_length = xsum (tmp_length, 1); /* account for trailing NUL */

                if (tmp_length <= sizeof (tmpbuf) / sizeof (DCHAR_T))
                  tmp = tmpbuf;
                else
                  {
                    size_t tmp_memsize = xtimes (tmp_length, sizeof (DCHAR_T));

                    if (size_overflow_p (tmp_memsize))
                      /* Overflow, would lead to out of memory.  */
                      goto out_of_memory;
                    tmp = (DCHAR_T *) malloc (tmp_memsize);
                    if (tmp == NULL)
                      /* Out of memory.  */
                      goto out_of_memory;
                  }

                pad_ptr = NULL;
                p = tmp;

# if NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_LONG_DOUBLE
#  if NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_DOUBLE
                if (type == TYPE_LONGDOUBLE)
#  endif
                  {
                    long double arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_longdouble;

                    if (isnanl (arg))
                      {
                        if (dp->conversion >= 'A' && dp->conversion <= 'Z')
                          {
                            *p++ = 'N'; *p++ = 'A'; *p++ = 'N';
                          }
                        else
                          {
                            *p++ = 'n'; *p++ = 'a'; *p++ = 'n';
                          }
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        int sign = 0;
                        DECL_LONG_DOUBLE_ROUNDING

                        BEGIN_LONG_DOUBLE_ROUNDING ();

                        if (signbit (arg)) /* arg < 0.0L or negative zero */
                          {
                            sign = -1;
                            arg = -arg;
                          }

                        if (sign < 0)
                          *p++ = '-';
                        else if (flags & FLAG_SHOWSIGN)
                          *p++ = '+';
                        else if (flags & FLAG_SPACE)
                          *p++ = ' ';

                        if (arg > 0.0L && arg + arg == arg)
                          {
                            if (dp->conversion >= 'A' && dp->conversion <= 'Z')
                              {
                                *p++ = 'I'; *p++ = 'N'; *p++ = 'F';
                              }
                            else
                              {
                                *p++ = 'i'; *p++ = 'n'; *p++ = 'f';
                              }
                          }
                        else
                          {
#  if NEED_PRINTF_LONG_DOUBLE
                            pad_ptr = p;

                            if (dp->conversion == 'f' || dp->conversion == 'F')
                              {
                                char *digits;
                                size_t ndigits;

                                digits =
                                  scale10_round_decimal_long_double (arg, precision);
                                if (digits == NULL)
                                  {
                                    END_LONG_DOUBLE_ROUNDING ();
                                    goto out_of_memory;
                                  }
                                ndigits = strlen (digits);

                                if (ndigits > precision)
                                  do
                                    {
                                      --ndigits;
                                      *p++ = digits[ndigits];
                                    }
                                  while (ndigits > precision);
                                else
                                  *p++ = '0';
                                /* Here ndigits <= precision.  */
                                if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) || precision > 0)
                                  {
                                    *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                    for (; precision > ndigits; precision--)
                                      *p++ = '0';
                                    while (ndigits > 0)
                                      {
                                        --ndigits;
                                        *p++ = digits[ndigits];
                                      }
                                  }

                                free (digits);
                              }
                            else if (dp->conversion == 'e' || dp->conversion == 'E')
                              {
                                int exponent;

                                if (arg == 0.0L)
                                  {
                                    exponent = 0;
                                    *p++ = '0';
                                    if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) || precision > 0)
                                      {
                                        *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                        for (; precision > 0; precision--)
                                          *p++ = '0';
                                      }
                                  }
                                else
                                  {
                                    /* arg > 0.0L.  */
                                    int adjusted;
                                    char *digits;
                                    size_t ndigits;

                                    exponent = floorlog10l (arg);
                                    adjusted = 0;
                                    for (;;)
                                      {
                                        digits =
                                          scale10_round_decimal_long_double (arg,
                                                                             (int)precision - exponent);
                                        if (digits == NULL)
                                          {
                                            END_LONG_DOUBLE_ROUNDING ();
                                            goto out_of_memory;
                                          }
                                        ndigits = strlen (digits);

                                        if (ndigits == precision + 1)
                                          break;
                                        if (ndigits < precision
                                            || ndigits > precision + 2)
                                          /* The exponent was not guessed
                                             precisely enough.  */
                                          abort ();
                                        if (adjusted)
                                          /* None of two values of exponent is
                                             the right one.  Prevent an endless
                                             loop.  */
                                          abort ();
                                        free (digits);
                                        if (ndigits == precision)
                                          exponent -= 1;
                                        else
                                          exponent += 1;
                                        adjusted = 1;
                                      }
                                    /* Here ndigits = precision+1.  */
                                    if (is_borderline (digits, precision))
                                      {
                                        /* Maybe the exponent guess was too high
                                           and a smaller exponent can be reached
                                           by turning a 10...0 into 9...9x.  */
                                        char *digits2 =
                                          scale10_round_decimal_long_double (arg,
                                                                             (int)precision - exponent + 1);
                                        if (digits2 == NULL)
                                          {
                                            free (digits);
                                            END_LONG_DOUBLE_ROUNDING ();
                                            goto out_of_memory;
                                          }
                                        if (strlen (digits2) == precision + 1)
                                          {
                                            free (digits);
                                            digits = digits2;
                                            exponent -= 1;
                                          }
                                        else
                                          free (digits2);
                                      }
                                    /* Here ndigits = precision+1.  */

                                    *p++ = digits[--ndigits];
                                    if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) || precision > 0)
                                      {
                                        *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                        while (ndigits > 0)
                                          {
                                            --ndigits;
                                            *p++ = digits[ndigits];
                                          }
                                      }

                                    free (digits);
                                  }

                                *p++ = dp->conversion; /* 'e' or 'E' */
#   if WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
                                {
                                  static const wchar_t decimal_format[] =
                                    { '%', '+', '.', '2', 'd', '\0' };
                                  SNPRINTF (p, 6 + 1, decimal_format, exponent);
                                }
                                while (*p != '\0')
                                  p++;
#   else
                                if (sizeof (DCHAR_T) == 1)
                                  {
                                    sprintf ((char *) p, "%+.2d", exponent);
                                    while (*p != '\0')
                                      p++;
                                  }
                                else
                                  {
                                    char expbuf[6 + 1];
                                    const char *ep;
                                    sprintf (expbuf, "%+.2d", exponent);
                                    for (ep = expbuf; (*p = *ep) != '\0'; ep++)
                                      p++;
                                  }
#   endif
                              }
                            else if (dp->conversion == 'g' || dp->conversion == 'G')
                              {
                                if (precision == 0)
                                  precision = 1;
                                /* precision >= 1.  */

                                if (arg == 0.0L)
                                  /* The exponent is 0, >= -4, < precision.
                                     Use fixed-point notation.  */
                                  {
                                    size_t ndigits = precision;
                                    /* Number of trailing zeroes that have to be
                                       dropped.  */
                                    size_t nzeroes =
                                      (flags & FLAG_ALT ? 0 : precision - 1);

                                    --ndigits;
                                    *p++ = '0';
                                    if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) || ndigits > nzeroes)
                                      {
                                        *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                        while (ndigits > nzeroes)
                                          {
                                            --ndigits;
                                            *p++ = '0';
                                          }
                                      }
                                  }
                                else
                                  {
                                    /* arg > 0.0L.  */
                                    int exponent;
                                    int adjusted;
                                    char *digits;
                                    size_t ndigits;
                                    size_t nzeroes;

                                    exponent = floorlog10l (arg);
                                    adjusted = 0;
                                    for (;;)
                                      {
                                        digits =
                                          scale10_round_decimal_long_double (arg,
                                                                             (int)(precision - 1) - exponent);
                                        if (digits == NULL)
                                          {
                                            END_LONG_DOUBLE_ROUNDING ();
                                            goto out_of_memory;
                                          }
                                        ndigits = strlen (digits);

                                        if (ndigits == precision)
                                          break;
                                        if (ndigits < precision - 1
                                            || ndigits > precision + 1)
                                          /* The exponent was not guessed
                                             precisely enough.  */
                                          abort ();
                                        if (adjusted)
                                          /* None of two values of exponent is
                                             the right one.  Prevent an endless
                                             loop.  */
                                          abort ();
                                        free (digits);
                                        if (ndigits < precision)
                                          exponent -= 1;
                                        else
                                          exponent += 1;
                                        adjusted = 1;
                                      }
                                    /* Here ndigits = precision.  */
                                    if (is_borderline (digits, precision - 1))
                                      {
                                        /* Maybe the exponent guess was too high
                                           and a smaller exponent can be reached
                                           by turning a 10...0 into 9...9x.  */
                                        char *digits2 =
                                          scale10_round_decimal_long_double (arg,
                                                                             (int)(precision - 1) - exponent + 1);
                                        if (digits2 == NULL)
                                          {
                                            free (digits);
                                            END_LONG_DOUBLE_ROUNDING ();
                                            goto out_of_memory;
                                          }
                                        if (strlen (digits2) == precision)
                                          {
                                            free (digits);
                                            digits = digits2;
                                            exponent -= 1;
                                          }
                                        else
                                          free (digits2);
                                      }
                                    /* Here ndigits = precision.  */

                                    /* Determine the number of trailing zeroes
                                       that have to be dropped.  */
                                    nzeroes = 0;
                                    if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) == 0)
                                      while (nzeroes < ndigits
                                             && digits[nzeroes] == '0')
                                        nzeroes++;

                                    /* The exponent is now determined.  */
                                    if (exponent >= -4
                                        && exponent < (long)precision)
                                      {
                                        /* Fixed-point notation:
                                           max(exponent,0)+1 digits, then the
                                           decimal point, then the remaining
                                           digits without trailing zeroes.  */
                                        if (exponent >= 0)
                                          {
                                            size_t ecount = exponent + 1;
                                            /* Note: count <= precision = ndigits.  */
                                            for (; ecount > 0; ecount--)
                                              *p++ = digits[--ndigits];
                                            if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) || ndigits > nzeroes)
                                              {
                                                *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                                while (ndigits > nzeroes)
                                                  {
                                                    --ndigits;
                                                    *p++ = digits[ndigits];
                                                  }
                                              }
                                          }
                                        else
                                          {
                                            size_t ecount = -exponent - 1;
                                            *p++ = '0';
                                            *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                            for (; ecount > 0; ecount--)
                                              *p++ = '0';
                                            while (ndigits > nzeroes)
                                              {
                                                --ndigits;
                                                *p++ = digits[ndigits];
                                              }
                                          }
                                      }
                                    else
                                      {
                                        /* Exponential notation.  */
                                        *p++ = digits[--ndigits];
                                        if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) || ndigits > nzeroes)
                                          {
                                            *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                            while (ndigits > nzeroes)
                                              {
                                                --ndigits;
                                                *p++ = digits[ndigits];
                                              }
                                          }
                                        *p++ = dp->conversion - 'G' + 'E'; /* 'e' or 'E' */
#   if WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
                                        {
                                          static const wchar_t decimal_format[] =
                                            { '%', '+', '.', '2', 'd', '\0' };
                                          SNPRINTF (p, 6 + 1, decimal_format, exponent);
                                        }
                                        while (*p != '\0')
                                          p++;
#   else
                                        if (sizeof (DCHAR_T) == 1)
                                          {
                                            sprintf ((char *) p, "%+.2d", exponent);
                                            while (*p != '\0')
                                              p++;
                                          }
                                        else
                                          {
                                            char expbuf[6 + 1];
                                            const char *ep;
                                            sprintf (expbuf, "%+.2d", exponent);
                                            for (ep = expbuf; (*p = *ep) != '\0'; ep++)
                                              p++;
                                          }
#   endif
                                      }

                                    free (digits);
                                  }
                              }
                            else
                              abort ();
#  else
                            /* arg is finite.  */
                            if (!(arg == 0.0L))
                              abort ();

                            pad_ptr = p;

                            if (dp->conversion == 'f' || dp->conversion == 'F')
                              {
                                *p++ = '0';
                                if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) || precision > 0)
                                  {
                                    *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                    for (; precision > 0; precision--)
                                      *p++ = '0';
                                  }
                              }
                            else if (dp->conversion == 'e' || dp->conversion == 'E')
                              {
                                *p++ = '0';
                                if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) || precision > 0)
                                  {
                                    *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                    for (; precision > 0; precision--)
                                      *p++ = '0';
                                  }
                                *p++ = dp->conversion; /* 'e' or 'E' */
                                *p++ = '+';
                                *p++ = '0';
                                *p++ = '0';
                              }
                            else if (dp->conversion == 'g' || dp->conversion == 'G')
                              {
                                *p++ = '0';
                                if (flags & FLAG_ALT)
                                  {
                                    size_t ndigits =
                                      (precision > 0 ? precision - 1 : 0);
                                    *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                    for (; ndigits > 0; --ndigits)
                                      *p++ = '0';
                                  }
                              }
                            else if (dp->conversion == 'a' || dp->conversion == 'A')
                              {
                                *p++ = '0';
                                *p++ = dp->conversion - 'A' + 'X';
                                pad_ptr = p;
                                *p++ = '0';
                                if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) || precision > 0)
                                  {
                                    *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                    for (; precision > 0; precision--)
                                      *p++ = '0';
                                  }
                                *p++ = dp->conversion - 'A' + 'P';
                                *p++ = '+';
                                *p++ = '0';
                              }
                            else
                              abort ();
#  endif
                          }

                        END_LONG_DOUBLE_ROUNDING ();
                      }
                  }
#  if NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_DOUBLE
                else
#  endif
# endif
# if NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE || NEED_PRINTF_INFINITE_DOUBLE
                  {
                    double arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_double;

                    if (isnand (arg))
                      {
                        if (dp->conversion >= 'A' && dp->conversion <= 'Z')
                          {
                            *p++ = 'N'; *p++ = 'A'; *p++ = 'N';
                          }
                        else
                          {
                            *p++ = 'n'; *p++ = 'a'; *p++ = 'n';
                          }
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        int sign = 0;

                        if (signbit (arg)) /* arg < 0.0 or negative zero */
                          {
                            sign = -1;
                            arg = -arg;
                          }

                        if (sign < 0)
                          *p++ = '-';
                        else if (flags & FLAG_SHOWSIGN)
                          *p++ = '+';
                        else if (flags & FLAG_SPACE)
                          *p++ = ' ';

                        if (arg > 0.0 && arg + arg == arg)
                          {
                            if (dp->conversion >= 'A' && dp->conversion <= 'Z')
                              {
                                *p++ = 'I'; *p++ = 'N'; *p++ = 'F';
                              }
                            else
                              {
                                *p++ = 'i'; *p++ = 'n'; *p++ = 'f';
                              }
                          }
                        else
                          {
#  if NEED_PRINTF_DOUBLE
                            pad_ptr = p;

                            if (dp->conversion == 'f' || dp->conversion == 'F')
                              {
                                char *digits;
                                size_t ndigits;

                                digits =
                                  scale10_round_decimal_double (arg, precision);
                                if (digits == NULL)
                                  goto out_of_memory;
                                ndigits = strlen (digits);

                                if (ndigits > precision)
                                  do
                                    {
                                      --ndigits;
                                      *p++ = digits[ndigits];
                                    }
                                  while (ndigits > precision);
                                else
                                  *p++ = '0';
                                /* Here ndigits <= precision.  */
                                if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) || precision > 0)
                                  {
                                    *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                    for (; precision > ndigits; precision--)
                                      *p++ = '0';
                                    while (ndigits > 0)
                                      {
                                        --ndigits;
                                        *p++ = digits[ndigits];
                                      }
                                  }

                                free (digits);
                              }
                            else if (dp->conversion == 'e' || dp->conversion == 'E')
                              {
                                int exponent;

                                if (arg == 0.0)
                                  {
                                    exponent = 0;
                                    *p++ = '0';
                                    if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) || precision > 0)
                                      {
                                        *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                        for (; precision > 0; precision--)
                                          *p++ = '0';
                                      }
                                  }
                                else
                                  {
                                    /* arg > 0.0.  */
                                    int adjusted;
                                    char *digits;
                                    size_t ndigits;

                                    exponent = floorlog10 (arg);
                                    adjusted = 0;
                                    for (;;)
                                      {
                                        digits =
                                          scale10_round_decimal_double (arg,
                                                                        (int)precision - exponent);
                                        if (digits == NULL)
                                          goto out_of_memory;
                                        ndigits = strlen (digits);

                                        if (ndigits == precision + 1)
                                          break;
                                        if (ndigits < precision
                                            || ndigits > precision + 2)
                                          /* The exponent was not guessed
                                             precisely enough.  */
                                          abort ();
                                        if (adjusted)
                                          /* None of two values of exponent is
                                             the right one.  Prevent an endless
                                             loop.  */
                                          abort ();
                                        free (digits);
                                        if (ndigits == precision)
                                          exponent -= 1;
                                        else
                                          exponent += 1;
                                        adjusted = 1;
                                      }
                                    /* Here ndigits = precision+1.  */
                                    if (is_borderline (digits, precision))
                                      {
                                        /* Maybe the exponent guess was too high
                                           and a smaller exponent can be reached
                                           by turning a 10...0 into 9...9x.  */
                                        char *digits2 =
                                          scale10_round_decimal_double (arg,
                                                                        (int)precision - exponent + 1);
                                        if (digits2 == NULL)
                                          {
                                            free (digits);
                                            goto out_of_memory;
                                          }
                                        if (strlen (digits2) == precision + 1)
                                          {
                                            free (digits);
                                            digits = digits2;
                                            exponent -= 1;
                                          }
                                        else
                                          free (digits2);
                                      }
                                    /* Here ndigits = precision+1.  */

                                    *p++ = digits[--ndigits];
                                    if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) || precision > 0)
                                      {
                                        *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                        while (ndigits > 0)
                                          {
                                            --ndigits;
                                            *p++ = digits[ndigits];
                                          }
                                      }

                                    free (digits);
                                  }

                                *p++ = dp->conversion; /* 'e' or 'E' */
#   if WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
                                {
                                  static const wchar_t decimal_format[] =
                                    /* Produce the same number of exponent digits
                                       as the native printf implementation.  */
#    if defined _WIN32 && ! defined __CYGWIN__
                                    { '%', '+', '.', '3', 'd', '\0' };
#    else
                                    { '%', '+', '.', '2', 'd', '\0' };
#    endif
                                  SNPRINTF (p, 6 + 1, decimal_format, exponent);
                                }
                                while (*p != '\0')
                                  p++;
#   else
                                {
                                  static const char decimal_format[] =
                                    /* Produce the same number of exponent digits
                                       as the native printf implementation.  */
#    if defined _WIN32 && ! defined __CYGWIN__
                                    "%+.3d";
#    else
                                    "%+.2d";
#    endif
                                  if (sizeof (DCHAR_T) == 1)
                                    {
                                      sprintf ((char *) p, decimal_format, exponent);
                                      while (*p != '\0')
                                        p++;
                                    }
                                  else
                                    {
                                      char expbuf[6 + 1];
                                      const char *ep;
                                      sprintf (expbuf, decimal_format, exponent);
                                      for (ep = expbuf; (*p = *ep) != '\0'; ep++)
                                        p++;
                                    }
                                }
#   endif
                              }
                            else if (dp->conversion == 'g' || dp->conversion == 'G')
                              {
                                if (precision == 0)
                                  precision = 1;
                                /* precision >= 1.  */

                                if (arg == 0.0)
                                  /* The exponent is 0, >= -4, < precision.
                                     Use fixed-point notation.  */
                                  {
                                    size_t ndigits = precision;
                                    /* Number of trailing zeroes that have to be
                                       dropped.  */
                                    size_t nzeroes =
                                      (flags & FLAG_ALT ? 0 : precision - 1);

                                    --ndigits;
                                    *p++ = '0';
                                    if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) || ndigits > nzeroes)
                                      {
                                        *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                        while (ndigits > nzeroes)
                                          {
                                            --ndigits;
                                            *p++ = '0';
                                          }
                                      }
                                  }
                                else
                                  {
                                    /* arg > 0.0.  */
                                    int exponent;
                                    int adjusted;
                                    char *digits;
                                    size_t ndigits;
                                    size_t nzeroes;

                                    exponent = floorlog10 (arg);
                                    adjusted = 0;
                                    for (;;)
                                      {
                                        digits =
                                          scale10_round_decimal_double (arg,
                                                                        (int)(precision - 1) - exponent);
                                        if (digits == NULL)
                                          goto out_of_memory;
                                        ndigits = strlen (digits);

                                        if (ndigits == precision)
                                          break;
                                        if (ndigits < precision - 1
                                            || ndigits > precision + 1)
                                          /* The exponent was not guessed
                                             precisely enough.  */
                                          abort ();
                                        if (adjusted)
                                          /* None of two values of exponent is
                                             the right one.  Prevent an endless
                                             loop.  */
                                          abort ();
                                        free (digits);
                                        if (ndigits < precision)
                                          exponent -= 1;
                                        else
                                          exponent += 1;
                                        adjusted = 1;
                                      }
                                    /* Here ndigits = precision.  */
                                    if (is_borderline (digits, precision - 1))
                                      {
                                        /* Maybe the exponent guess was too high
                                           and a smaller exponent can be reached
                                           by turning a 10...0 into 9...9x.  */
                                        char *digits2 =
                                          scale10_round_decimal_double (arg,
                                                                        (int)(precision - 1) - exponent + 1);
                                        if (digits2 == NULL)
                                          {
                                            free (digits);
                                            goto out_of_memory;
                                          }
                                        if (strlen (digits2) == precision)
                                          {
                                            free (digits);
                                            digits = digits2;
                                            exponent -= 1;
                                          }
                                        else
                                          free (digits2);
                                      }
                                    /* Here ndigits = precision.  */

                                    /* Determine the number of trailing zeroes
                                       that have to be dropped.  */
                                    nzeroes = 0;
                                    if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) == 0)
                                      while (nzeroes < ndigits
                                             && digits[nzeroes] == '0')
                                        nzeroes++;

                                    /* The exponent is now determined.  */
                                    if (exponent >= -4
                                        && exponent < (long)precision)
                                      {
                                        /* Fixed-point notation:
                                           max(exponent,0)+1 digits, then the
                                           decimal point, then the remaining
                                           digits without trailing zeroes.  */
                                        if (exponent >= 0)
                                          {
                                            size_t ecount = exponent + 1;
                                            /* Note: ecount <= precision = ndigits.  */
                                            for (; ecount > 0; ecount--)
                                              *p++ = digits[--ndigits];
                                            if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) || ndigits > nzeroes)
                                              {
                                                *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                                while (ndigits > nzeroes)
                                                  {
                                                    --ndigits;
                                                    *p++ = digits[ndigits];
                                                  }
                                              }
                                          }
                                        else
                                          {
                                            size_t ecount = -exponent - 1;
                                            *p++ = '0';
                                            *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                            for (; ecount > 0; ecount--)
                                              *p++ = '0';
                                            while (ndigits > nzeroes)
                                              {
                                                --ndigits;
                                                *p++ = digits[ndigits];
                                              }
                                          }
                                      }
                                    else
                                      {
                                        /* Exponential notation.  */
                                        *p++ = digits[--ndigits];
                                        if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) || ndigits > nzeroes)
                                          {
                                            *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                            while (ndigits > nzeroes)
                                              {
                                                --ndigits;
                                                *p++ = digits[ndigits];
                                              }
                                          }
                                        *p++ = dp->conversion - 'G' + 'E'; /* 'e' or 'E' */
#   if WIDE_CHAR_VERSION
                                        {
                                          static const wchar_t decimal_format[] =
                                            /* Produce the same number of exponent digits
                                               as the native printf implementation.  */
#    if defined _WIN32 && ! defined __CYGWIN__
                                            { '%', '+', '.', '3', 'd', '\0' };
#    else
                                            { '%', '+', '.', '2', 'd', '\0' };
#    endif
                                          SNPRINTF (p, 6 + 1, decimal_format, exponent);
                                        }
                                        while (*p != '\0')
                                          p++;
#   else
                                        {
                                          static const char decimal_format[] =
                                            /* Produce the same number of exponent digits
                                               as the native printf implementation.  */
#    if defined _WIN32 && ! defined __CYGWIN__
                                            "%+.3d";
#    else
                                            "%+.2d";
#    endif
                                          if (sizeof (DCHAR_T) == 1)
                                            {
                                              sprintf ((char *) p, decimal_format, exponent);
                                              while (*p != '\0')
                                                p++;
                                            }
                                          else
                                            {
                                              char expbuf[6 + 1];
                                              const char *ep;
                                              sprintf (expbuf, decimal_format, exponent);
                                              for (ep = expbuf; (*p = *ep) != '\0'; ep++)
                                                p++;
                                            }
                                        }
#   endif
                                      }

                                    free (digits);
                                  }
                              }
                            else
                              abort ();
#  else
                            /* arg is finite.  */
                            if (!(arg == 0.0))
                              abort ();

                            pad_ptr = p;

                            if (dp->conversion == 'f' || dp->conversion == 'F')
                              {
                                *p++ = '0';
                                if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) || precision > 0)
                                  {
                                    *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                    for (; precision > 0; precision--)
                                      *p++ = '0';
                                  }
                              }
                            else if (dp->conversion == 'e' || dp->conversion == 'E')
                              {
                                *p++ = '0';
                                if ((flags & FLAG_ALT) || precision > 0)
                                  {
                                    *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                    for (; precision > 0; precision--)
                                      *p++ = '0';
                                  }
                                *p++ = dp->conversion; /* 'e' or 'E' */
                                *p++ = '+';
                                /* Produce the same number of exponent digits as
                                   the native printf implementation.  */
#   if defined _WIN32 && ! defined __CYGWIN__
                                *p++ = '0';
#   endif
                                *p++ = '0';
                                *p++ = '0';
                              }
                            else if (dp->conversion == 'g' || dp->conversion == 'G')
                              {
                                *p++ = '0';
                                if (flags & FLAG_ALT)
                                  {
                                    size_t ndigits =
                                      (precision > 0 ? precision - 1 : 0);
                                    *p++ = decimal_point_char ();
                                    for (; ndigits > 0; --ndigits)
                                      *p++ = '0';
                                  }
                              }
                            else
                              abort ();
#  endif
                          }
                      }
                  }
# endif

                /* The generated string now extends from tmp to p, with the
                   zero padding insertion point being at pad_ptr.  */
                count = p - tmp;

                if (count < width)
                  {
                    size_t pad = width - count;
                    DCHAR_T *end = p + pad;

                    if (flags & FLAG_LEFT)
                      {
                        /* Pad with spaces on the right.  */
                        for (; pad > 0; pad--)
                          *p++ = ' ';
                      }
                    else if ((flags & FLAG_ZERO) && pad_ptr != NULL)
                      {
                        /* Pad with zeroes.  */
                        DCHAR_T *q = end;

                        while (p > pad_ptr)
                          *--q = *--p;
                        for (; pad > 0; pad--)
                          *p++ = '0';
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        /* Pad with spaces on the left.  */
                        DCHAR_T *q = end;

                        while (p > tmp)
                          *--q = *--p;
                        for (; pad > 0; pad--)
                          *p++ = ' ';
                      }

                    p = end;
                  }

                count = p - tmp;

                if (count >= tmp_length)
                  /* tmp_length was incorrectly calculated - fix the
                     code above!  */
                  abort ();

                /* Make room for the result.  */
                if (count >= allocated - length)
                  {
                    size_t n = xsum (length, count);

                    ENSURE_ALLOCATION (n);
                  }

                /* Append the result.  */
                memcpy (result + length, tmp, count * sizeof (DCHAR_T));
                if (tmp != tmpbuf)
                  free (tmp);
                length += count;
              }
#endif
            else
              {
                arg_type type = a.arg[dp->arg_index].type;
                int flags = dp->flags;
#if !DCHAR_IS_TCHAR || ENABLE_UNISTDIO || NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_LEFTADJUST || NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_ZERO || NEED_PRINTF_UNBOUNDED_PRECISION
                int has_width;
#endif
#if !USE_SNPRINTF || !HAVE_SNPRINTF_RETVAL_C99 || USE_MSVC__SNPRINTF || !DCHAR_IS_TCHAR || ENABLE_UNISTDIO || NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_LEFTADJUST || NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_ZERO || NEED_PRINTF_UNBOUNDED_PRECISION
                size_t width;
#endif
#if !USE_SNPRINTF || !HAVE_SNPRINTF_RETVAL_C99 || USE_MSVC__SNPRINTF || NEED_PRINTF_UNBOUNDED_PRECISION
                int has_precision;
                size_t precision;
#endif
#if NEED_PRINTF_UNBOUNDED_PRECISION
                int prec_ourselves;
#else
#               define prec_ourselves 0
#endif
#if NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_LEFTADJUST
#               define pad_ourselves 1
#elif !DCHAR_IS_TCHAR || ENABLE_UNISTDIO || NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_ZERO || NEED_PRINTF_UNBOUNDED_PRECISION
                int pad_ourselves;
#else
#               define pad_ourselves 0
#endif
                TCHAR_T *fbp;
                unsigned int prefix_count;
                int prefixes[2] IF_LINT (= { 0 });
                int orig_errno;
#if !USE_SNPRINTF
                size_t tmp_length;
                TCHAR_T tmpbuf[700];
                TCHAR_T *tmp;
#endif

#if !DCHAR_IS_TCHAR || ENABLE_UNISTDIO || NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_LEFTADJUST || NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_ZERO || NEED_PRINTF_UNBOUNDED_PRECISION
                has_width = 0;
#endif
#if !USE_SNPRINTF || !HAVE_SNPRINTF_RETVAL_C99 || USE_MSVC__SNPRINTF || !DCHAR_IS_TCHAR || ENABLE_UNISTDIO || NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_LEFTADJUST || NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_ZERO || NEED_PRINTF_UNBOUNDED_PRECISION
                width = 0;
                if (dp->width_start != dp->width_end)
                  {
                    if (dp->width_arg_index != ARG_NONE)
                      {
                        int arg;

                        if (!(a.arg[dp->width_arg_index].type == TYPE_INT))
                          abort ();
                        arg = a.arg[dp->width_arg_index].a.a_int;
                        width = arg;
                        if (arg < 0)
                          {
                            /* "A negative field width is taken as a '-' flag
                                followed by a positive field width."  */
                            flags |= FLAG_LEFT;
                            width = -width;
                          }
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        const FCHAR_T *digitp = dp->width_start;

                        do
                          width = xsum (xtimes (width, 10), *digitp++ - '0');
                        while (digitp != dp->width_end);
                      }
#if !DCHAR_IS_TCHAR || ENABLE_UNISTDIO || NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_LEFTADJUST || NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_ZERO || NEED_PRINTF_UNBOUNDED_PRECISION
                    has_width = 1;
#endif
                  }
#endif

#if !USE_SNPRINTF || !HAVE_SNPRINTF_RETVAL_C99 || USE_MSVC__SNPRINTF || NEED_PRINTF_UNBOUNDED_PRECISION
                has_precision = 0;
                precision = 6;
                if (dp->precision_start != dp->precision_end)
                  {
                    if (dp->precision_arg_index != ARG_NONE)
                      {
                        int arg;

                        if (!(a.arg[dp->precision_arg_index].type == TYPE_INT))
                          abort ();
                        arg = a.arg[dp->precision_arg_index].a.a_int;
                        /* "A negative precision is taken as if the precision
                            were omitted."  */
                        if (arg >= 0)
                          {
                            precision = arg;
                            has_precision = 1;
                          }
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        const FCHAR_T *digitp = dp->precision_start + 1;

                        precision = 0;
                        while (digitp != dp->precision_end)
                          precision = xsum (xtimes (precision, 10), *digitp++ - '0');
                        has_precision = 1;
                      }
                  }
#endif

                /* Decide whether to handle the precision ourselves.  */
#if NEED_PRINTF_UNBOUNDED_PRECISION
                switch (dp->conversion)
                  {
                  case 'd': case 'i': case 'u':
                  case 'o':
                  case 'x': case 'X': case 'p':
                    prec_ourselves = has_precision && (precision > 0);
                    break;
                  default:
                    prec_ourselves = 0;
                    break;
                  }
#endif

                /* Decide whether to perform the padding ourselves.  */
#if !NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_LEFTADJUST && (!DCHAR_IS_TCHAR || ENABLE_UNISTDIO || NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_ZERO || NEED_PRINTF_UNBOUNDED_PRECISION)
                switch (dp->conversion)
                  {
# if !DCHAR_IS_TCHAR || ENABLE_UNISTDIO
                  /* If we need conversion from TCHAR_T[] to DCHAR_T[], we need
                     to perform the padding after this conversion.  Functions
                     with unistdio extensions perform the padding based on
                     character count rather than element count.  */
                  case 'c': case 's':
# endif
# if NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_ZERO
                  case 'f': case 'F': case 'e': case 'E': case 'g': case 'G':
                  case 'a': case 'A':
# endif
                    pad_ourselves = 1;
                    break;
                  default:
                    pad_ourselves = prec_ourselves;
                    break;
                  }
#endif

#if !USE_SNPRINTF
                /* Allocate a temporary buffer of sufficient size for calling
                   sprintf.  */
                tmp_length =
                  MAX_ROOM_NEEDED (&a, dp->arg_index, dp->conversion, type,
                                   flags, width, has_precision, precision,
                                   pad_ourselves);

                if (tmp_length <= sizeof (tmpbuf) / sizeof (TCHAR_T))
                  tmp = tmpbuf;
                else
                  {
                    size_t tmp_memsize = xtimes (tmp_length, sizeof (TCHAR_T));

                    if (size_overflow_p (tmp_memsize))
                      /* Overflow, would lead to out of memory.  */
                      goto out_of_memory;
                    tmp = (TCHAR_T *) malloc (tmp_memsize);
                    if (tmp == NULL)
                      /* Out of memory.  */
                      goto out_of_memory;
                  }
#endif

                /* Construct the format string for calling snprintf or
                   sprintf.  */
                fbp = buf;
                *fbp++ = '%';
#if NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_GROUPING
                /* The underlying implementation doesn't support the ' flag.
                   Produce no grouping characters in this case; this is
                   acceptable because the grouping is locale dependent.  */
#else
                if (flags & FLAG_GROUP)
                  *fbp++ = '\'';
#endif
                if (flags & FLAG_LEFT)
                  *fbp++ = '-';
                if (flags & FLAG_SHOWSIGN)
                  *fbp++ = '+';
                if (flags & FLAG_SPACE)
                  *fbp++ = ' ';
                if (flags & FLAG_ALT)
                  *fbp++ = '#';
#if __GLIBC__ >= 2 && !defined __UCLIBC__
                if (flags & FLAG_LOCALIZED)
                  *fbp++ = 'I';
#endif
                if (!pad_ourselves)
                  {
                    if (flags & FLAG_ZERO)
                      *fbp++ = '0';
                    if (dp->width_start != dp->width_end)
                      {
                        size_t n = dp->width_end - dp->width_start;
                        /* The width specification is known to consist only
                           of standard ASCII characters.  */
                        if (sizeof (FCHAR_T) == sizeof (TCHAR_T))
                          {
                            memcpy (fbp, dp->width_start, n * sizeof (TCHAR_T));
                            fbp += n;
                          }
                        else
                          {
                            const FCHAR_T *mp = dp->width_start;
                            do
                              *fbp++ = *mp++;
                            while (--n > 0);
                          }
                      }
                  }
                if (!prec_ourselves)
                  {
                    if (dp->precision_start != dp->precision_end)
                      {
                        size_t n = dp->precision_end - dp->precision_start;
                        /* The precision specification is known to consist only
                           of standard ASCII characters.  */
                        if (sizeof (FCHAR_T) == sizeof (TCHAR_T))
                          {
                            memcpy (fbp, dp->precision_start, n * sizeof (TCHAR_T));
                            fbp += n;
                          }
                        else
                          {
                            const FCHAR_T *mp = dp->precision_start;
                            do
                              *fbp++ = *mp++;
                            while (--n > 0);
                          }
                      }
                  }

                switch (type)
                  {
                  case TYPE_LONGLONGINT:
                  case TYPE_ULONGLONGINT:
#if defined _WIN32 && ! defined __CYGWIN__
                    *fbp++ = 'I';
                    *fbp++ = '6';
                    *fbp++ = '4';
                    break;
#else
                    *fbp++ = 'l';
#endif
                    FALLTHROUGH;
                  case TYPE_LONGINT:
                  case TYPE_ULONGINT:
#if HAVE_WINT_T
                  case TYPE_WIDE_CHAR:
#endif
#if HAVE_WCHAR_T
                  case TYPE_WIDE_STRING:
#endif
                    *fbp++ = 'l';
                    break;
                  case TYPE_LONGDOUBLE:
                    *fbp++ = 'L';
                    break;
                  default:
                    break;
                  }
#if NEED_PRINTF_DIRECTIVE_F
                if (dp->conversion == 'F')
                  *fbp = 'f';
                else
#endif
                  *fbp = dp->conversion;
#if USE_SNPRINTF
# if ((HAVE_SNPRINTF_RETVAL_C99 && HAVE_SNPRINTF_TRUNCATION_C99)            \
      || ((__GLIBC__ > 2 || (__GLIBC__ == 2 && __GLIBC_MINOR__ >= 3))       \
          && !defined __UCLIBC__)                                           \
      || (defined __APPLE__ && defined __MACH__)                            \
      || defined __ANDROID__                                                \
      || (defined _WIN32 && ! defined __CYGWIN__))
                /* On systems where we know that snprintf's return value
                   conforms to ISO C 99 (HAVE_SNPRINTF_RETVAL_C99) and that
                   snprintf always produces NUL-terminated strings
                   (HAVE_SNPRINTF_TRUNCATION_C99), it is possible to avoid
                   using %n.  And it is desirable to do so, because more and
                   more platforms no longer support %n, for "security reasons".
                   In particular, the following platforms:
                     - On glibc2 systems from 2004-10-18 or newer, the use of
                       %n in format strings in writable memory may crash the
                       program (if compiled with _FORTIFY_SOURCE=2).
                     - On Mac OS X 10.13 or newer, the use of %n in format
                       strings in writable memory by default crashes the
                       program.
                     - On Android, starting on 2018-03-07, the use of %n in
                       format strings produces a fatal error (see
                       <https://android.googlesource.com/platform/bionic/+/41398d03b7e8e0dfb951660ae713e682e9fc0336>).
                   On these platforms, HAVE_SNPRINTF_RETVAL_C99 and
                   HAVE_SNPRINTF_TRUNCATION_C99 are 1. We have listed them
                   explicitly in the condition above, in case of cross-
                   compilation (just to be sure).  */
                /* On native Windows systems (such as mingw), we can avoid using
                   %n because:
                     - Although the gl_SNPRINTF_TRUNCATION_C99 test fails,
                       snprintf does not write more than the specified number
                       of bytes. (snprintf (buf, 3, "%d %d", 4567, 89) writes
                       '4', '5', '6' into buf, not '4', '5', '\0'.)
                     - Although the gl_SNPRINTF_RETVAL_C99 test fails, snprintf
                       allows us to recognize the case of an insufficient
                       buffer size: it returns -1 in this case.
                   On native Windows systems (such as mingw) where the OS is
                   Windows Vista, the use of %n in format strings by default
                   crashes the program. See
                     <https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2007-06/msg00122.html> and
                     <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/c-runtime-library/reference/set-printf-count-output>
                   So we should avoid %n in this situation.  */
                fbp[1] = '\0';
# else           /* AIX <= 5.1, HP-UX, IRIX, OSF/1, Solaris <= 9, BeOS */
                fbp[1] = '%';
                fbp[2] = 'n';
                fbp[3] = '\0';
# endif
#else
                fbp[1] = '\0';
#endif

                /* Construct the arguments for calling snprintf or sprintf.  */
                prefix_count = 0;
                if (!pad_ourselves && dp->width_arg_index != ARG_NONE)
                  {
                    if (!(a.arg[dp->width_arg_index].type == TYPE_INT))
                      abort ();
                    prefixes[prefix_count++] = a.arg[dp->width_arg_index].a.a_int;
                  }
                if (!prec_ourselves && dp->precision_arg_index != ARG_NONE)
                  {
                    if (!(a.arg[dp->precision_arg_index].type == TYPE_INT))
                      abort ();
                    prefixes[prefix_count++] = a.arg[dp->precision_arg_index].a.a_int;
                  }

#if USE_SNPRINTF
                /* The SNPRINTF result is appended after result[0..length].
                   The latter is an array of DCHAR_T; SNPRINTF appends an
                   array of TCHAR_T to it.  This is possible because
                   sizeof (TCHAR_T) divides sizeof (DCHAR_T) and
                   alignof (TCHAR_T) <= alignof (DCHAR_T).  */
# define TCHARS_PER_DCHAR (sizeof (DCHAR_T) / sizeof (TCHAR_T))
                /* Ensure that maxlen below will be >= 2.  Needed on BeOS,
                   where an snprintf() with maxlen==1 acts like sprintf().  */
                ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length,
                                         (2 + TCHARS_PER_DCHAR - 1)
                                         / TCHARS_PER_DCHAR));
                /* Prepare checking whether snprintf returns the count
                   via %n.  */
                *(TCHAR_T *) (result + length) = '\0';
#endif

                orig_errno = errno;

                for (;;)
                  {
                    int count = -1;

#if USE_SNPRINTF
                    int retcount = 0;
                    size_t maxlen = allocated - length;
                    /* SNPRINTF can fail if its second argument is
                       > INT_MAX.  */
                    if (maxlen > INT_MAX / TCHARS_PER_DCHAR)
                      maxlen = INT_MAX / TCHARS_PER_DCHAR;
                    maxlen = maxlen * TCHARS_PER_DCHAR;
# define SNPRINTF_BUF(arg) \
                    switch (prefix_count)                                   \
                      {                                                     \
                      case 0:                                               \
                        retcount = SNPRINTF ((TCHAR_T *) (result + length), \
                                             maxlen, buf,                   \
                                             arg, &count);                  \
                        break;                                              \
                      case 1:                                               \
                        retcount = SNPRINTF ((TCHAR_T *) (result + length), \
                                             maxlen, buf,                   \
                                             prefixes[0], arg, &count);     \
                        break;                                              \
                      case 2:                                               \
                        retcount = SNPRINTF ((TCHAR_T *) (result + length), \
                                             maxlen, buf,                   \
                                             prefixes[0], prefixes[1], arg, \
                                             &count);                       \
                        break;                                              \
                      default:                                              \
                        abort ();                                           \
                      }
#else
# define SNPRINTF_BUF(arg) \
                    switch (prefix_count)                                   \
                      {                                                     \
                      case 0:                                               \
                        count = sprintf (tmp, buf, arg);                    \
                        break;                                              \
                      case 1:                                               \
                        count = sprintf (tmp, buf, prefixes[0], arg);       \
                        break;                                              \
                      case 2:                                               \
                        count = sprintf (tmp, buf, prefixes[0], prefixes[1],\
                                         arg);                              \
                        break;                                              \
                      default:                                              \
                        abort ();                                           \
                      }
#endif

                    errno = 0;
                    switch (type)
                      {
                      case TYPE_SCHAR:
                        {
                          int arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_schar;
                          SNPRINTF_BUF (arg);
                        }
                        break;
                      case TYPE_UCHAR:
                        {
                          unsigned int arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_uchar;
                          SNPRINTF_BUF (arg);
                        }
                        break;
                      case TYPE_SHORT:
                        {
                          int arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_short;
                          SNPRINTF_BUF (arg);
                        }
                        break;
                      case TYPE_USHORT:
                        {
                          unsigned int arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_ushort;
                          SNPRINTF_BUF (arg);
                        }
                        break;
                      case TYPE_INT:
                        {
                          int arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_int;
                          SNPRINTF_BUF (arg);
                        }
                        break;
                      case TYPE_UINT:
                        {
                          unsigned int arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_uint;
                          SNPRINTF_BUF (arg);
                        }
                        break;
                      case TYPE_LONGINT:
                        {
                          long int arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_longint;
                          SNPRINTF_BUF (arg);
                        }
                        break;
                      case TYPE_ULONGINT:
                        {
                          unsigned long int arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_ulongint;
                          SNPRINTF_BUF (arg);
                        }
                        break;
                      case TYPE_LONGLONGINT:
                        {
                          long long int arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_longlongint;
                          SNPRINTF_BUF (arg);
                        }
                        break;
                      case TYPE_ULONGLONGINT:
                        {
                          unsigned long long int arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_ulonglongint;
                          SNPRINTF_BUF (arg);
                        }
                        break;
                      case TYPE_DOUBLE:
                        {
                          double arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_double;
                          SNPRINTF_BUF (arg);
                        }
                        break;
                      case TYPE_LONGDOUBLE:
                        {
                          long double arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_longdouble;
                          SNPRINTF_BUF (arg);
                        }
                        break;
                      case TYPE_CHAR:
                        {
                          int arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_char;
                          SNPRINTF_BUF (arg);
                        }
                        break;
#if HAVE_WINT_T
                      case TYPE_WIDE_CHAR:
                        {
                          wint_t arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_wide_char;
                          SNPRINTF_BUF (arg);
                        }
                        break;
#endif
                      case TYPE_STRING:
                        {
                          const char *arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_string;
                          SNPRINTF_BUF (arg);
                        }
                        break;
#if HAVE_WCHAR_T
                      case TYPE_WIDE_STRING:
                        {
                          const wchar_t *arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_wide_string;
                          SNPRINTF_BUF (arg);
                        }
                        break;
#endif
                      case TYPE_POINTER:
                        {
                          void *arg = a.arg[dp->arg_index].a.a_pointer;
                          SNPRINTF_BUF (arg);
                        }
                        break;
                      default:
                        abort ();
                      }

#if USE_SNPRINTF
                    /* Portability: Not all implementations of snprintf()
                       are ISO C 99 compliant.  Determine the number of
                       bytes that snprintf() has produced or would have
                       produced.  */
                    if (count >= 0)
                      {
                        /* Verify that snprintf() has NUL-terminated its
                           result.  */
                        if ((unsigned int) count < maxlen
                            && ((TCHAR_T *) (result + length)) [count] != '\0')
                          abort ();
                        /* Portability hack.  */
                        if (retcount > count)
                          count = retcount;
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        /* snprintf() doesn't understand the '%n'
                           directive.  */
                        if (fbp[1] != '\0')
                          {
                            /* Don't use the '%n' directive; instead, look
                               at the snprintf() return value.  */
                            fbp[1] = '\0';
                            continue;
                          }
                        else
                          {
                            /* Look at the snprintf() return value.  */
                            if (retcount < 0)
                              {
# if !HAVE_SNPRINTF_RETVAL_C99 || USE_MSVC__SNPRINTF
                                /* HP-UX 10.20 snprintf() is doubly deficient:
                                   It doesn't understand the '%n' directive,
                                   *and* it returns -1 (rather than the length
                                   that would have been required) when the
                                   buffer is too small.
                                   But a failure at this point can also come
                                   from other reasons than a too small buffer,
                                   such as an invalid wide string argument to
                                   the %ls directive, or possibly an invalid
                                   floating-point argument.  */
                                size_t tmp_length =
                                  MAX_ROOM_NEEDED (&a, dp->arg_index,
                                                   dp->conversion, type, flags,
                                                   width,
                                                   has_precision,
                                                   precision, pad_ourselves);

                                if (maxlen < tmp_length)
                                  {
                                    /* Make more room.  But try to do through
                                       this reallocation only once.  */
                                    size_t bigger_need =
                                      xsum (length,
                                            xsum (tmp_length,
                                                  TCHARS_PER_DCHAR - 1)
                                            / TCHARS_PER_DCHAR);
                                    /* And always grow proportionally.
                                       (There may be several arguments, each
                                       needing a little more room than the
                                       previous one.)  */
                                    size_t bigger_need2 =
                                      xsum (xtimes (allocated, 2), 12);
                                    if (bigger_need < bigger_need2)
                                      bigger_need = bigger_need2;
                                    ENSURE_ALLOCATION (bigger_need);
                                    continue;
                                  }
# endif
                              }
                            else
                              count = retcount;
                          }
                      }
#endif

                    /* Attempt to handle failure.  */
                    if (count < 0)
                      {
                        /* SNPRINTF or sprintf failed.  Use the errno that it
                           has set, if any.  */
                        if (errno == 0)
                          {
                            if (dp->conversion == 'c' || dp->conversion == 's')
                              errno = EILSEQ;
                            else
                              errno = EINVAL;
                          }

                        goto fail_with_errno;
                      }

#if USE_SNPRINTF
                    /* Handle overflow of the allocated buffer.
                       If such an overflow occurs, a C99 compliant snprintf()
                       returns a count >= maxlen.  However, a non-compliant
                       snprintf() function returns only count = maxlen - 1.  To
                       cover both cases, test whether count >= maxlen - 1.  */
                    if ((unsigned int) count + 1 >= maxlen)
                      {
                        /* If maxlen already has attained its allowed maximum,
                           allocating more memory will not increase maxlen.
                           Instead of looping, bail out.  */
                        if (maxlen == INT_MAX / TCHARS_PER_DCHAR)
                          goto overflow;
                        else
                          {
                            /* Need at least (count + 1) * sizeof (TCHAR_T)
                               bytes.  (The +1 is for the trailing NUL.)
                               But ask for (count + 2) * sizeof (TCHAR_T)
                               bytes, so that in the next round, we likely get
                                 maxlen > (unsigned int) count + 1
                               and so we don't get here again.
                               And allocate proportionally, to avoid looping
                               eternally if snprintf() reports a too small
                               count.  */
                            size_t n =
                              xmax (xsum (length,
                                          ((unsigned int) count + 2
                                           + TCHARS_PER_DCHAR - 1)
                                          / TCHARS_PER_DCHAR),
                                    xtimes (allocated, 2));

                            ENSURE_ALLOCATION (n);
                            continue;
                          }
                      }
#endif

#if NEED_PRINTF_UNBOUNDED_PRECISION
                    if (prec_ourselves)
                      {
                        /* Handle the precision.  */
                        TCHAR_T *prec_ptr =
# if USE_SNPRINTF
                          (TCHAR_T *) (result + length);
# else
                          tmp;
# endif
                        size_t prefix_count;
                        size_t move;

                        prefix_count = 0;
                        /* Put the additional zeroes after the sign.  */
                        if (count >= 1
                            && (*prec_ptr == '-' || *prec_ptr == '+'
                                || *prec_ptr == ' '))
                          prefix_count = 1;
                        /* Put the additional zeroes after the 0x prefix if
                           (flags & FLAG_ALT) || (dp->conversion == 'p').  */
                        else if (count >= 2
                                 && prec_ptr[0] == '0'
                                 && (prec_ptr[1] == 'x' || prec_ptr[1] == 'X'))
                          prefix_count = 2;

                        move = count - prefix_count;
                        if (precision > move)
                          {
                            /* Insert zeroes.  */
                            size_t insert = precision - move;
                            TCHAR_T *prec_end;

# if USE_SNPRINTF
                            size_t n =
                              xsum (length,
                                    (count + insert + TCHARS_PER_DCHAR - 1)
                                    / TCHARS_PER_DCHAR);
                            length += (count + TCHARS_PER_DCHAR - 1) / TCHARS_PER_DCHAR;
                            ENSURE_ALLOCATION (n);
                            length -= (count + TCHARS_PER_DCHAR - 1) / TCHARS_PER_DCHAR;
                            prec_ptr = (TCHAR_T *) (result + length);
# endif

                            prec_end = prec_ptr + count;
                            prec_ptr += prefix_count;

                            while (prec_end > prec_ptr)
                              {
                                prec_end--;
                                prec_end[insert] = prec_end[0];
                              }

                            prec_end += insert;
                            do
                              *--prec_end = '0';
                            while (prec_end > prec_ptr);

                            count += insert;
                          }
                      }
#endif

#if !USE_SNPRINTF
                    if (count >= tmp_length)
                      /* tmp_length was incorrectly calculated - fix the
                         code above!  */
                      abort ();
#endif

#if !DCHAR_IS_TCHAR
                    /* Convert from TCHAR_T[] to DCHAR_T[].  */
                    if (dp->conversion == 'c' || dp->conversion == 's')
                      {
                        /* type = TYPE_CHAR or TYPE_WIDE_CHAR or TYPE_STRING
                           TYPE_WIDE_STRING.
                           The result string is not certainly ASCII.  */
                        const TCHAR_T *tmpsrc;
                        DCHAR_T *tmpdst;
                        size_t tmpdst_len;
                        /* This code assumes that TCHAR_T is 'char'.  */
                        verify (sizeof (TCHAR_T) == 1);
# if USE_SNPRINTF
                        tmpsrc = (TCHAR_T *) (result + length);
# else
                        tmpsrc = tmp;
# endif
                        tmpdst =
                          DCHAR_CONV_FROM_ENCODING (locale_charset (),
                                                    iconveh_question_mark,
                                                    tmpsrc, count,
                                                    NULL,
                                                    NULL, &tmpdst_len);
                        if (tmpdst == NULL)
                          goto fail_with_errno;
                        ENSURE_ALLOCATION_ELSE (xsum (length, tmpdst_len),
                                                { free (tmpdst); goto out_of_memory; });
                        DCHAR_CPY (result + length, tmpdst, tmpdst_len);
                        free (tmpdst);
                        count = tmpdst_len;
                      }
                    else
                      {
                        /* The result string is ASCII.
                           Simple 1:1 conversion.  */
# if USE_SNPRINTF
                        /* If sizeof (DCHAR_T) == sizeof (TCHAR_T), it's a
                           no-op conversion, in-place on the array starting
                           at (result + length).  */
                        if (sizeof (DCHAR_T) != sizeof (TCHAR_T))
# endif
                          {
                            const TCHAR_T *tmpsrc;
                            DCHAR_T *tmpdst;
                            size_t n;

# if USE_SNPRINTF
                            if (result == resultbuf)
                              {
                                tmpsrc = (TCHAR_T *) (result + length);
                                /* ENSURE_ALLOCATION will not move tmpsrc
                                   (because it's part of resultbuf).  */
                                ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, count));
                              }
                            else
                              {
                                /* ENSURE_ALLOCATION will move the array
                                   (because it uses realloc().  */
                                ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, count));
                                tmpsrc = (TCHAR_T *) (result + length);
                              }
# else
                            tmpsrc = tmp;
                            ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, count));
# endif
                            tmpdst = result + length;
                            /* Copy backwards, because of overlapping.  */
                            tmpsrc += count;
                            tmpdst += count;
                            for (n = count; n > 0; n--)
                              *--tmpdst = *--tmpsrc;
                          }
                      }
#endif

#if DCHAR_IS_TCHAR && !USE_SNPRINTF
                    /* Make room for the result.  */
                    if (count > allocated - length)
                      {
                        /* Need at least count elements.  But allocate
                           proportionally.  */
                        size_t n =
                          xmax (xsum (length, count), xtimes (allocated, 2));

                        ENSURE_ALLOCATION (n);
                      }
#endif

                    /* Here count <= allocated - length.  */

                    /* Perform padding.  */
#if !DCHAR_IS_TCHAR || ENABLE_UNISTDIO || NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_LEFTADJUST || NEED_PRINTF_FLAG_ZERO || NEED_PRINTF_UNBOUNDED_PRECISION
                    if (pad_ourselves && has_width)
                      {
                        size_t w;
# if ENABLE_UNISTDIO
                        /* Outside POSIX, it's preferable to compare the width
                           against the number of _characters_ of the converted
                           value.  */
                        w = DCHAR_MBSNLEN (result + length, count);
# else
                        /* The width is compared against the number of _bytes_
                           of the converted value, says POSIX.  */
                        w = count;
# endif
                        if (w < width)
                          {
                            size_t pad = width - w;

                            /* Make room for the result.  */
                            if (xsum (count, pad) > allocated - length)
                              {
                                /* Need at least count + pad elements.  But
                                   allocate proportionally.  */
                                size_t n =
                                  xmax (xsum3 (length, count, pad),
                                        xtimes (allocated, 2));

# if USE_SNPRINTF
                                length += count;
                                ENSURE_ALLOCATION (n);
                                length -= count;
# else
                                ENSURE_ALLOCATION (n);
# endif
                              }
                            /* Here count + pad <= allocated - length.  */

                            {
# if !DCHAR_IS_TCHAR || USE_SNPRINTF
                              DCHAR_T * const rp = result + length;
# else
                              DCHAR_T * const rp = tmp;
# endif
                              DCHAR_T *p = rp + count;
                              DCHAR_T *end = p + pad;
                              DCHAR_T *pad_ptr;
# if !DCHAR_IS_TCHAR || ENABLE_UNISTDIO
                              if (dp->conversion == 'c'
                                  || dp->conversion == 's')
                                /* No zero-padding for string directives.  */
                                pad_ptr = NULL;
                              else
# endif
                                {
                                  pad_ptr = (*rp == '-' ? rp + 1 : rp);
                                  /* No zero-padding of "inf" and "nan".  */
                                  if ((*pad_ptr >= 'A' && *pad_ptr <= 'Z')
                                      || (*pad_ptr >= 'a' && *pad_ptr <= 'z'))
                                    pad_ptr = NULL;
                                }
                              /* The generated string now extends from rp to p,
                                 with the zero padding insertion point being at
                                 pad_ptr.  */

                              count = count + pad; /* = end - rp */

                              if (flags & FLAG_LEFT)
                                {
                                  /* Pad with spaces on the right.  */
                                  for (; pad > 0; pad--)
                                    *p++ = ' ';
                                }
                              else if ((flags & FLAG_ZERO) && pad_ptr != NULL)
                                {
                                  /* Pad with zeroes.  */
                                  DCHAR_T *q = end;

                                  while (p > pad_ptr)
                                    *--q = *--p;
                                  for (; pad > 0; pad--)
                                    *p++ = '0';
                                }
                              else
                                {
                                  /* Pad with spaces on the left.  */
                                  DCHAR_T *q = end;

                                  while (p > rp)
                                    *--q = *--p;
                                  for (; pad > 0; pad--)
                                    *p++ = ' ';
                                }
                            }
                          }
                      }
#endif

                    /* Here still count <= allocated - length.  */

#if !DCHAR_IS_TCHAR || USE_SNPRINTF
                    /* The snprintf() result did fit.  */
#else
                    /* Append the sprintf() result.  */
                    memcpy (result + length, tmp, count * sizeof (DCHAR_T));
#endif
#if !USE_SNPRINTF
                    if (tmp != tmpbuf)
                      free (tmp);
#endif

#if NEED_PRINTF_DIRECTIVE_F
                    if (dp->conversion == 'F')
                      {
                        /* Convert the %f result to upper case for %F.  */
                        DCHAR_T *rp = result + length;
                        size_t rc;
                        for (rc = count; rc > 0; rc--, rp++)
                          if (*rp >= 'a' && *rp <= 'z')
                            *rp = *rp - 'a' + 'A';
                      }
#endif

                    length += count;
                    break;
                  }
                errno = orig_errno;
#undef pad_ourselves
#undef prec_ourselves
              }
          }
      }

    /* Add the final NUL.  */
    ENSURE_ALLOCATION (xsum (length, 1));
    result[length] = '\0';

    if (result != resultbuf && length + 1 < allocated)
      {
        /* Shrink the allocated memory if possible.  */
        DCHAR_T *memory;

        memory = (DCHAR_T *) realloc (result, (length + 1) * sizeof (DCHAR_T));
        if (memory != NULL)
          result = memory;
      }

    if (buf_malloced != NULL)
      free (buf_malloced);
    CLEANUP ();
    *lengthp = length;
    /* Note that we can produce a big string of a length > INT_MAX.  POSIX
       says that snprintf() fails with errno = EOVERFLOW in this case, but
       that's only because snprintf() returns an 'int'.  This function does
       not have this limitation.  */
    return result;

#if USE_SNPRINTF
  overflow:
    errno = EOVERFLOW;
    goto fail_with_errno;
#endif

  out_of_memory:
    errno = ENOMEM;
    goto fail_with_errno;

#if ENABLE_UNISTDIO || ((!USE_SNPRINTF || !HAVE_SNPRINTF_RETVAL_C99 || USE_MSVC__SNPRINTF || (NEED_PRINTF_DIRECTIVE_LS && !defined IN_LIBINTL) || ENABLE_WCHAR_FALLBACK) && HAVE_WCHAR_T)
  fail_with_EILSEQ:
    errno = EILSEQ;
    goto fail_with_errno;
#endif

  fail_with_errno:
    if (result != resultbuf)
      free (result);
    if (buf_malloced != NULL)
      free (buf_malloced);
    CLEANUP ();
    return NULL;
  }

 out_of_memory_1:
  errno = ENOMEM;
  goto fail_1_with_errno;

 fail_1_with_EINVAL:
  errno = EINVAL;
  goto fail_1_with_errno;

 fail_1_with_errno:
  CLEANUP ();
  return NULL;
}

#undef MAX_ROOM_NEEDED
#undef TCHARS_PER_DCHAR
#undef SNPRINTF
#undef USE_SNPRINTF
#undef DCHAR_SET
#undef DCHAR_CPY
#undef PRINTF_PARSE
#undef DIRECTIVES
#undef DIRECTIVE
#undef DCHAR_IS_TCHAR
#undef TCHAR_T
#undef DCHAR_T
#undef FCHAR_T
#undef VASNPRINTF