Nim/compiler/semstmts.nim

#
#
#           The Nim Compiler
#        (c) Copyright 2013 Andreas Rumpf
#
#    See the file "copying.txt", included in this
#    distribution, for details about the copyright.
#

## this module does the semantic checking of statements
#  included from sem.nim

const
  errNoSymbolToBorrowFromFound = "no symbol to borrow from found"
  errDiscardValueX = "value of type '$1' has to be used (or discarded)"
  errInvalidDiscard = "statement returns no value that can be discarded"
  errInvalidControlFlowX = "invalid control flow: $1"
  errSelectorMustBeOfCertainTypes = "selector must be of an ordinal type, float or string"
  errExprCannotBeRaised = "only a 'ref object' can be raised"
  errBreakOnlyInLoop = "'break' only allowed in loop construct"
  errExceptionAlreadyHandled = "exception already handled"
  errYieldNotAllowedHere = "'yield' only allowed in an iterator"
  errYieldNotAllowedInTryStmt = "'yield' cannot be used within 'try' in a non-inlined iterator"
  errInvalidNumberOfYieldExpr = "invalid number of 'yield' expressions"
  errCannotReturnExpr = "current routine cannot return an expression"
  errGenericLambdaNotAllowed = "A nested proc can have generic parameters only when " &
    "it is used as an operand to another routine and the types " &
    "of the generic paramers can be inferred from the expected signature."
  errCannotInferTypeOfTheLiteral = "cannot infer the type of the $1"
  errCannotInferReturnType = "cannot infer the return type of '$1'"
  errCannotInferStaticParam = "cannot infer the value of the static param '$1'"
  errProcHasNoConcreteType = "'$1' doesn't have a concrete type, due to unspecified generic parameters."
  errLetNeedsInit = "'let' symbol requires an initialization"
  errThreadvarCannotInit = "a thread var cannot be initialized explicitly; this would only run for the main thread"
  errImplOfXexpected = "implementation of '$1' expected"
  errRecursiveDependencyX = "recursive dependency: '$1'"
  errRecursiveDependencyIteratorX = "recursion is not supported in iterators: '$1'"
  errPragmaOnlyInHeaderOfProcX = "pragmas are only allowed in the header of a proc; redefinition of $1"
  errCannotAssignToGlobal = "cannot assign local to global variable"

proc implicitlyDiscardable(n: PNode): bool

proc hasEmpty(typ: PType): bool =
  if typ.kind in {tySequence, tyArray, tySet}:
    result = typ.elementType.kind == tyEmpty
  elif typ.kind == tyTuple:
    result = false
    for s in typ.kids:
      result = result or hasEmpty(s)
  else:
    result = false

proc semDiscard(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
  result = n
  checkSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
  if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
    n[0] = semExprWithType(c, n[0])
    let sonType = n[0].typ
    let sonKind = n[0].kind
    if isEmptyType(sonType) or hasEmpty(sonType) or
          sonType.kind in {tyNone, tyTypeDesc} or
          sonKind == nkTypeOfExpr:
      localError(c.config, n.info, errInvalidDiscard)
    if sonType.kind == tyProc and sonKind notin nkCallKinds:
      # tyProc is disallowed to prevent ``discard foo`` to be valid, when ``discard foo()`` is meant.
      localError(c.config, n.info, "illegal discard proc, did you mean: " & $n[0] & "()")

proc semBreakOrContinue(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
  result = n
  checkSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
  if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
    if n.kind != nkContinueStmt:
      var s: PSym = nil
      case n[0].kind
      of nkIdent: s = lookUp(c, n[0])
      of nkSym: s = n[0].sym
      else: illFormedAst(n, c.config)
      s = getGenSym(c, s)
      if s.kind == skLabel and s.owner.id == c.p.owner.id:
        var x = newSymNode(s)
        x.info = n.info
        incl(s.flags, sfUsed)
        n[0] = x
        suggestSym(c.graph, x.info, s, c.graph.usageSym)
        onUse(x.info, s)
      else:
        localError(c.config, n.info, errInvalidControlFlowX % s.name.s)
    else:
      localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated, "'continue' cannot have a label")
  elif c.p.nestedBlockCounter > 0 and n.kind == nkBreakStmt and not c.p.breakInLoop:
    localError(c.config, n.info, warnUnnamedBreak)
  elif (c.p.nestedLoopCounter <= 0) and ((c.p.nestedBlockCounter <= 0) or n.kind == nkContinueStmt):
    localError(c.config, n.info, errInvalidControlFlowX %
               renderTree(n, {renderNoComments}))

proc semAsm(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
  checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
  var marker = pragmaAsm(c, n[0])
  if marker == '\0': marker = '`' # default marker
  result = semAsmOrEmit(c, n, marker)

proc semWhile(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
  result = n
  checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
  openScope(c)
  n[0] = forceBool(c, semExprWithType(c, n[0], expectedType = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyBool)))
  inc(c.p.nestedLoopCounter)
  let oldBreakInLoop = c.p.breakInLoop
  c.p.breakInLoop = true
  n[1] = semStmt(c, n[1], flags)
  c.p.breakInLoop = oldBreakInLoop
  dec(c.p.nestedLoopCounter)
  closeScope(c)
  if n[1].typ == c.enforceVoidContext:
    result.typ() = c.enforceVoidContext
  elif efInTypeof in flags:
    result.typ() = n[1].typ
  elif implicitlyDiscardable(n[1]):
    result[1].typ() = c.enforceVoidContext

proc semProc(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode

proc semExprBranch(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags = {}; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
  result = semExpr(c, n, flags, expectedType)
  if result.typ != nil:
    # XXX tyGenericInst here?
    if result.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}: result = newDeref(result)

proc semExprBranchScope(c: PContext, n: PNode; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
  openScope(c)
  result = semExprBranch(c, n, expectedType = expectedType)
  closeScope(c)

const
  skipForDiscardable = {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr,
    nkOfBranch, nkElse, nkFinally, nkExceptBranch,
    nkElifBranch, nkElifExpr, nkElseExpr, nkBlockStmt, nkBlockExpr,
    nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv, nkHiddenDeref}

proc implicitlyDiscardable(n: PNode): bool =
  # same traversal as endsInNoReturn
  template checkBranch(branch) =
    if not implicitlyDiscardable(branch):
      return false

  var it = n
  # skip these beforehand, no special handling needed
  while it.kind in skipForDiscardable and it.len > 0:
    it = it.lastSon

  case it.kind
  of nkIfExpr, nkIfStmt:
    for branch in it:
      checkBranch:
        if branch.len == 2:
          branch[1]
        elif branch.len == 1:
          branch[0]
        else:
          raiseAssert "Malformed `if` statement during implicitlyDiscardable"
    # all branches are discardable
    result = true
  of nkCaseStmt:
    for i in 1 ..< it.len:
      let branch = it[i]
      checkBranch:
        case branch.kind
        of nkOfBranch:
          branch[^1]
        of nkElifBranch:
          branch[1]
        of nkElse:
          branch[0]
        else:
          raiseAssert "Malformed `case` statement in implicitlyDiscardable"
    # all branches are discardable
    result = true
  of nkTryStmt:
    checkBranch(it[0])
    for i in 1 ..< it.len:
      let branch = it[i]
      if branch.kind != nkFinally:
        checkBranch(branch[^1])
    # all branches are discardable
    result = true
  of nkCallKinds:
    result = it[0].kind == nkSym and {sfDiscardable, sfNoReturn} * it[0].sym.flags != {}
  of nkLastBlockStmts:
    result = true
  else:
    result = false

proc endsInNoReturn(n: PNode, returningNode: var PNode; discardableCheck = false): bool =
  ## check if expr ends the block like raising or call of noreturn procs do
  result = false # assume it does return

  template checkBranch(branch) =
    if not endsInNoReturn(branch, returningNode, discardableCheck):
      # proved a branch returns
      return false

  var it = n
  # skip these beforehand, no special handling needed
  let skips = if discardableCheck: skipForDiscardable else: skipForDiscardable-{nkBlockExpr, nkBlockStmt}
  while it.kind in skips and it.len > 0:
    it = it.lastSon

  case it.kind
  of nkIfExpr, nkIfStmt:
    var hasElse = false
    for branch in it:
      checkBranch:
        if branch.len == 2:
          branch[1]
        elif branch.len == 1:
          hasElse = true
          branch[0]
        else:
          raiseAssert "Malformed `if` statement during endsInNoReturn"
    # none of the branches returned
    result = hasElse # Only truly a no-return when it's exhaustive
  of nkCaseStmt:
    let caseTyp = skipTypes(it[0].typ, abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc})
    # semCase should already have checked for exhaustiveness in this case
    # effectively the same as having an else
    var hasElse = caseTyp.shouldCheckCaseCovered()

    # actual noreturn checks
    for i in 1 ..< it.len:
      let branch = it[i]
      checkBranch:
        case branch.kind
        of nkOfBranch:
          branch[^1]
        of nkElifBranch:
          branch[1]
        of nkElse:
          hasElse = true
          branch[0]
        else:
          raiseAssert "Malformed `case` statement in endsInNoReturn"
    # Can only guarantee a noreturn if there is an else or it's exhaustive
    result = hasElse
  of nkTryStmt:
    checkBranch(it[0])
    var lastIndex = it.len - 1
    if it[lastIndex].kind == nkFinally:
      # if finally is noreturn, then the entire statement is noreturn
      if endsInNoReturn(it[lastIndex][^1], returningNode, discardableCheck):
        return true
      dec lastIndex
    for i in 1 .. lastIndex:
      let branch = it[i]
      checkBranch(branch[^1])
    # none of the branches returned
    result = true
  of nkLastBlockStmts:
    result = true
  of nkCallKinds:
    result = it[0].kind == nkSym and sfNoReturn in it[0].sym.flags
    if not result:
      returningNode = it
  else:
    result = false
    returningNode = it

proc endsInNoReturn(n: PNode): bool =
  var dummy: PNode = nil
  result = endsInNoReturn(n, dummy)

proc fixNilType(c: PContext; n: PNode) =
  if isAtom(n):
    if n.kind != nkNilLit and n.typ != nil:
      localError(c.config, n.info, errDiscardValueX % n.typ.typeToString)
  elif n.kind in {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr}:
    n.transitionSonsKind(nkStmtList)
    for it in n: fixNilType(c, it)
  n.typ() = nil

proc discardCheck(c: PContext, result: PNode, flags: TExprFlags) =
  if c.matchedConcept != nil or efInTypeof in flags: return

  if result.typ != nil and result.typ.kind notin {tyTyped, tyVoid}:
    if implicitlyDiscardable(result):
      var n = newNodeI(nkDiscardStmt, result.info, 1)
      n[0] = result
      # notes that it doesn't transform nodes into discard statements
    elif result.typ.kind != tyError and c.config.cmd != cmdInteractive:
      if result.typ.kind == tyNone:
        localError(c.config, result.info, "expression has no type: " &
               renderTree(result, {renderNoComments}))
      else:
        # Ignore noreturn procs since they don't have a type
        var n = result
        if result.endsInNoReturn(n, discardableCheck = true):
          return

        var s = "expression '" & $n & "' is of type '" &
            result.typ.typeToString & "' and has to be used (or discarded)"
        if result.info.line != n.info.line or
            result.info.fileIndex != n.info.fileIndex:
          s.add "; start of expression here: " & c.config$result.info
        if result.typ.kind == tyProc:
          s.add "; for a function call use ()"
        localError(c.config, n.info, s)

proc semIf(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
  result = n
  var typ = commonTypeBegin
  var expectedType = expectedType
  var hasElse = false
  for i in 0..<n.len:
    var it = n[i]
    if it.len == 2:
      openScope(c)
      it[0] = forceBool(c, semExprWithType(c, it[0], expectedType = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyBool)))
      it[1] = semExprBranch(c, it[1], flags, expectedType)
      typ = commonType(c, typ, it[1])
      if not endsInNoReturn(it[1]):
        expectedType = typ
      closeScope(c)
    elif it.len == 1:
      hasElse = true
      it[0] = semExprBranchScope(c, it[0], expectedType)
      typ = commonType(c, typ, it[0])
      if not endsInNoReturn(it[0]):
        expectedType = typ
    else: illFormedAst(it, c.config)
  if isEmptyType(typ) or typ.kind in {tyNil, tyUntyped} or
      (not hasElse and efInTypeof notin flags):
    for it in n: discardCheck(c, it.lastSon, flags)
    result.transitionSonsKind(nkIfStmt)
    # propagate any enforced VoidContext:
    if typ == c.enforceVoidContext: result.typ() = c.enforceVoidContext
  else:
    for it in n:
      let j = it.len-1
      if not endsInNoReturn(it[j]):
        it[j] = fitNode(c, typ, it[j], it[j].info)
    result.transitionSonsKind(nkIfExpr)
    result.typ() = typ

proc semTry(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
  var check = initIntSet()
  template semExceptBranchType(typeNode: PNode): bool =
    # returns true if exception type is imported type
    let typ = semTypeNode(c, typeNode, nil).toObject()
    var isImported = false
    if isImportedException(typ, c.config):
      isImported = true
    elif not isException(typ):
      localError(c.config, typeNode.info, errExprCannotBeRaised)
    elif not isDefectOrCatchableError(typ):
      message(c.config, a.info, warnBareExcept, "catch a more precise Exception deriving from CatchableError or Defect.")

    if containsOrIncl(check, typ.id):
      localError(c.config, typeNode.info, errExceptionAlreadyHandled)
    typeNode = newNodeIT(nkType, typeNode.info, typ)
    isImported

  result = n
  checkMinSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)

  var typ = commonTypeBegin
  var expectedType = expectedType
  n[0] = semExprBranchScope(c, n[0], expectedType)
  if not endsInNoReturn(n[0]):
    typ = commonType(c, typ, n[0].typ)
    expectedType = typ

  var last = n.len - 1
  var catchAllExcepts = 0

  for i in 1..last:
    let a = n[i]
    checkMinSonsLen(a, 1, c.config)
    openScope(c)
    if a.kind == nkExceptBranch:

      if a.len == 2 and a[0].kind == nkBracket:
        # rewrite ``except [a, b, c]: body`` -> ```except a, b, c: body```
        a.sons[0..0] = move a[0].sons

      if a.len == 2 and a[0].isInfixAs():
        # support ``except Exception as ex: body``
        let isImported = semExceptBranchType(a[0][1])
        let symbol = newSymG(skLet, a[0][2], c)
        symbol.typ = if isImported: a[0][1].typ
                     else: a[0][1].typ.toRef(c.idgen)
        addDecl(c, symbol)
        # Overwrite symbol in AST with the symbol in the symbol table.
        a[0][2] = newSymNode(symbol, a[0][2].info)

      elif a.len == 1:
        # count number of ``except: body`` blocks
        inc catchAllExcepts
        message(c.config, a.info, warnBareExcept,
                  "The bare except clause is deprecated; use `except CatchableError:` instead")
      else:
        # support ``except KeyError, ValueError, ... : body``
        if catchAllExcepts > 0:
          # if ``except: body`` already encountered,
          # cannot be followed by a ``except KeyError, ... : body`` block
          inc catchAllExcepts
        var isNative, isImported: bool = false
        for j in 0..<a.len-1:
          let tmp = semExceptBranchType(a[j])
          if tmp: isImported = true
          else: isNative = true

        if isNative and isImported:
          localError(c.config, a[0].info, "Mix of imported and native exception types is not allowed in one except branch")

    elif a.kind == nkFinally:
      if i != n.len-1:
        localError(c.config, a.info, "Only one finally is allowed after all other branches")

    else:
      illFormedAst(n, c.config)

    if catchAllExcepts > 1:
      # if number of ``except: body`` blocks is greater than 1
      # or more specific exception follows a general except block, it is invalid
      localError(c.config, a.info, "Only one general except clause is allowed after more specific exceptions")

    # last child of an nkExcept/nkFinally branch is a statement:
    if a.kind != nkFinally:
      a[^1] = semExprBranchScope(c, a[^1], expectedType)
      typ = commonType(c, typ, a[^1])
      if not endsInNoReturn(a[^1]):
        expectedType = typ
    else:
      a[^1] = semExprBranchScope(c, a[^1])
      dec last
    closeScope(c)

  if isEmptyType(typ) or typ.kind in {tyNil, tyUntyped}:
    discardCheck(c, n[0], flags)
    for i in 1..<n.len: discardCheck(c, n[i].lastSon, flags)
    if typ == c.enforceVoidContext:
      result.typ() = c.enforceVoidContext
  else:
    if n.lastSon.kind == nkFinally: discardCheck(c, n.lastSon.lastSon, flags)
    if not endsInNoReturn(n[0]):
      n[0] = fitNode(c, typ, n[0], n[0].info)
    for i in 1..last:
      var it = n[i]
      let j = it.len-1
      if not endsInNoReturn(it[j]):
        it[j] = fitNode(c, typ, it[j], it[j].info)
    result.typ() = typ

proc fitRemoveHiddenConv(c: PContext, typ: PType, n: PNode): PNode =
  result = fitNode(c, typ, n, n.info)
  if result.kind in {nkHiddenStdConv, nkHiddenSubConv}:
    let r1 = result[1]
    if r1.kind in {nkCharLit..nkUInt64Lit} and typ.skipTypes(abstractRange).kind in {tyFloat..tyFloat128}:
      result = newFloatNode(nkFloatLit, BiggestFloat r1.intVal)
      result.info = n.info
      result.typ() = typ
      if not floatRangeCheck(result.floatVal, typ):
        localError(c.config, n.info, errFloatToString % [$result.floatVal, typeToString(typ)])
    elif r1.kind == nkSym and typ.skipTypes(abstractRange).kind == tyCstring:
      discard "keep nkHiddenStdConv for cstring conversions"
    else:
      changeType(c, r1, typ, check=true)
      result = r1
  elif not sameType(result.typ, typ):
    changeType(c, result, typ, check=false)

proc findShadowedVar(c: PContext, v: PSym): PSym =
  result = nil
  for scope in localScopesFrom(c, c.currentScope.parent):
    let shadowed = strTableGet(scope.symbols, v.name)
    if shadowed != nil and shadowed.kind in skLocalVars:
      return shadowed

proc identWithin(n: PNode, s: PIdent): bool =
  for i in 0..n.safeLen-1:
    if identWithin(n[i], s): return true
  result = n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.name.id == s.id

proc semIdentDef(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind, reportToNimsuggest = true): PSym =
  if isTopLevel(c):
    result = semIdentWithPragma(c, kind, n, {sfExported}, fromTopLevel = true)
    incl(result.flags, sfGlobal)
    #if kind in {skVar, skLet}:
    #  echo "global variable here ", n.info, " ", result.name.s
  else:
    result = semIdentWithPragma(c, kind, n, {})
    if result.owner.kind == skModule:
      incl(result.flags, sfGlobal)
  result.options = c.config.options

  if reportToNimsuggest:
    let info = getLineInfo(n)
    suggestSym(c.graph, info, result, c.graph.usageSym)

proc checkNilable(c: PContext; v: PSym) =
  if {sfGlobal, sfImportc} * v.flags == {sfGlobal} and v.typ.requiresInit:
    if v.astdef.isNil:
      message(c.config, v.info, warnProveInit, v.name.s)
    elif tfNotNil in v.typ.flags and not v.astdef.typ.isNil and tfNotNil notin v.astdef.typ.flags:
      message(c.config, v.info, warnProveInit, v.name.s)

#include liftdestructors

proc addToVarSection(c: PContext; result: var PNode; n: PNode) =
  if result.kind != nkStmtList:
    result = makeStmtList(result)
  result.add n

proc addToVarSection(c: PContext; result: var PNode; orig, identDefs: PNode) =
  if result.kind == nkStmtList:
    let o = copyNode(orig)
    o.add identDefs
    result.add o
  else:
    result.add identDefs

proc isDiscardUnderscore(v: PSym): bool =
  if v.name.id == ord(wUnderscore):
    v.flags.incl(sfGenSym)
    result = true
  else:
    result = false

proc semUsing(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
  result = c.graph.emptyNode
  if not isTopLevel(c): localError(c.config, n.info, errXOnlyAtModuleScope % "using")
  for i in 0..<n.len:
    var a = n[i]
    if c.config.cmd == cmdIdeTools: suggestStmt(c, a)
    if a.kind == nkCommentStmt: continue
    if a.kind notin {nkIdentDefs, nkVarTuple, nkConstDef}: illFormedAst(a, c.config)
    checkMinSonsLen(a, 3, c.config)
    if a[^2].kind != nkEmpty:
      let typ = semTypeNode(c, a[^2], nil)
      for j in 0..<a.len-2:
        let v = semIdentDef(c, a[j], skParam)
        styleCheckDef(c, v)
        onDef(a[j].info, v)
        v.typ = typ
        strTableIncl(c.signatures, v)
    else:
      localError(c.config, a.info, "'using' section must have a type")
    var def: PNode
    if a[^1].kind != nkEmpty:
      localError(c.config, a.info, "'using' sections cannot contain assignments")

proc hasUnresolvedParams(n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): bool =
  result = tfUnresolved in n.typ.flags
  when false:
    case n.kind
    of nkSym:
      result = isGenericRoutineStrict(n.sym)
    of nkSymChoices:
      for ch in n:
        if hasUnresolvedParams(ch, flags):
          return true
      result = false
    else:
      result = false
    if efOperand in flags:
      if tfUnresolved notin n.typ.flags:
        result = false

proc makeDeref(n: PNode): PNode =
  var t = n.typ
  if t.kind in tyUserTypeClasses and t.isResolvedUserTypeClass:
    t = t.last
  t = skipTypes(t, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
  result = n
  if t.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}:
    result = newNodeIT(nkHiddenDeref, n.info, t.elementType)
    result.add n
    t = skipTypes(t.elementType, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
  while t.kind in {tyPtr, tyRef}:
    var a = result
    let baseTyp = t.elementType
    result = newNodeIT(nkHiddenDeref, n.info, baseTyp)
    result.add a
    t = skipTypes(baseTyp, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})

proc fillPartialObject(c: PContext; n: PNode; typ: PType) =
  if n.len == 2:
    let x = semExprWithType(c, n[0])
    let y = considerQuotedIdent(c, n[1])
    let obj = x.typ.skipTypes(abstractPtrs)
    if obj.kind == tyObject and tfPartial in obj.flags:
      let field = newSym(skField, getIdent(c.cache, y.s), c.idgen, obj.sym, n[1].info)
      field.typ = skipIntLit(typ, c.idgen)
      field.position = obj.n.len
      obj.n.add newSymNode(field)
      n[0] = makeDeref x
      n[1] = newSymNode(field)
      n.typ() = field.typ
    else:
      localError(c.config, n.info, "implicit object field construction " &
        "requires a .partial object, but got " & typeToString(obj))
  else:
    localError(c.config, n.info, "nkDotNode requires 2 children")

proc checkDefineType(c: PContext; v: PSym; t: PType) =
  # see semfold.foldDefine for acceptable types
  let typeKinds =
    case v.magic
    of mStrDefine: {tyString, tyCstring}
    # this used to be not typechecked, so anything that accepts int nodes for compatbility:
    of mIntDefine: {tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64, tyBool, tyChar, tyEnum}
    of mBoolDefine: {tyBool}
    of mGenericDefine: {tyString, tyCstring, tyInt..tyInt64, tyUInt..tyUInt64, tyBool, tyEnum}
    else: raiseAssert("unreachable")
  var skipped = abstractVarRange
  if v.magic == mGenericDefine:
    # no distinct types for generic define
    skipped.excl tyDistinct
  if t.skipTypes(skipped).kind notin typeKinds:
    let name = 
      case v.magic
      of mStrDefine: "strdefine"
      of mIntDefine: "intdefine"
      of mBoolDefine: "booldefine"
      of mGenericDefine: "define"
      else: raiseAssert("unreachable")
    localError(c.config, v.info, "unsupported type for constant '" & v.name.s &
      "' with ." & name & " pragma: " & typeToString(t))

proc setVarType(c: PContext; v: PSym, typ: PType) =
  if v.typ != nil and not sameTypeOrNil(v.typ, typ):
    localError(c.config, v.info, "inconsistent typing for reintroduced symbol '" &
        v.name.s & "': previous type was: " & typeToString(v.typ, preferDesc) &
        "; new type is: " & typeToString(typ, preferDesc))
  if v.kind == skConst and v.magic in {mGenericDefine, mIntDefine, mStrDefine, mBoolDefine}:
    checkDefineType(c, v, typ)
  v.typ = typ

proc isPossibleMacroPragma(c: PContext, it: PNode, key: PNode): bool =
  # make sure it's not a normal pragma, and calls an identifier
  # considerQuotedIdent below will fail on non-identifiers
  result = whichPragma(it) == wInvalid and key.kind in nkIdentKinds+{nkDotExpr}
  if result:
    # make sure it's not a user pragma
    if key.kind != nkDotExpr:
      let ident = considerQuotedIdent(c, key)
      result = strTableGet(c.userPragmas, ident) == nil
    if result:
      # make sure it's not a custom pragma
      let sym = qualifiedLookUp(c, key, {})
      result = sym == nil or sfCustomPragma notin sym.flags

proc copyExcept(n: PNode, i: int): PNode =
  result = copyNode(n)
  for j in 0..<n.len:
    if j != i: result.add(n[j])

proc semVarMacroPragma(c: PContext, a: PNode, n: PNode): PNode =
  # Mirrored with semProcAnnotation
  result = nil
  # a, b {.prag.}: int = 3 not allowed
  const lhsPos = 0
  if a.len == 3 and a[lhsPos].kind == nkPragmaExpr:
    var b = a[lhsPos]
    const
      namePos = 0
      pragmaPos = 1
    let pragmas = b[pragmaPos]
    for i in 0 ..< pragmas.len:
      let it = pragmas[i]
      let key = if it.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and it.len >= 1: it[0] else: it

      trySuggestPragmas(c, key)

      if isPossibleMacroPragma(c, it, key):
        # we transform ``var p {.m, rest.}`` into ``m(do: var p {.rest.})`` and
        # let the semantic checker deal with it:
        var x = newNodeI(nkCall, key.info)
        x.add(key)

        if it.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and it.len > 1:
          # pass pragma arguments to the macro too:
          for i in 1..<it.len:
            x.add(it[i])

        # Drop the pragma from the list, this prevents getting caught in endless
        # recursion when the nkCall is semanticized
        let oldExpr = a[lhsPos]
        let newPragmas = copyExcept(pragmas, i)
        if newPragmas.kind != nkEmpty and newPragmas.len == 0:
          a[lhsPos] = oldExpr[namePos]
        else:
          a[lhsPos] = copyNode(oldExpr)
          a[lhsPos].add(oldExpr[namePos])
          a[lhsPos].add(newPragmas)

        var unarySection = newNodeI(n.kind, a.info)
        unarySection.add(a)
        x.add(unarySection)

        # recursion assures that this works for multiple macro annotations too:
        var r = semOverloadedCall(c, x, x, {skMacro, skTemplate}, {efNoUndeclared})
        if r == nil:
          # Restore the old list of pragmas since we couldn't process this
          a[lhsPos] = oldExpr
          # No matching macro was found but there's always the possibility this may
          # be a .pragma. template instead
          continue

        doAssert r[0].kind == nkSym
        let m = r[0].sym
        case m.kind
        of skMacro: result = semMacroExpr(c, r, r, m, {})
        of skTemplate: result = semTemplateExpr(c, r, m, {})
        else:
          a[lhsPos] = oldExpr
          continue

        doAssert result != nil

        return result

template isLocalSym(sym: PSym): bool =
  sym.kind in {skVar, skLet, skParam} and not
    ({sfGlobal, sfPure} * sym.flags != {} or
      sym.typ.kind == tyTypeDesc or
      sfCompileTime in sym.flags) or
      sym.kind in {skProc, skFunc, skIterator} and
      sfGlobal notin sym.flags

template isLocalVarSym(n: PNode): bool =
  n.kind == nkSym and isLocalSym(n.sym)

proc usesLocalVar(n: PNode): bool =
  result = false
  for z in 1 ..< n.len:
    if n[z].isLocalVarSym:
      return true
    elif n[z].kind in nkCallKinds:
      if usesLocalVar(n[z]):
        return true

proc globalVarInitCheck(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
  if n.isLocalVarSym or n.kind in nkCallKinds and usesLocalVar(n):
    localError(c.config, n.info, errCannotAssignToGlobal)

const
  errTupleUnpackingTupleExpected = "tuple expected for tuple unpacking, but got '$1'"
  errTupleUnpackingDifferentLengths = "tuple with $1 elements expected, but got '$2' with $3 elements"

proc makeVarTupleSection(c: PContext, n, a, def: PNode, typ: PType, symkind: TSymKind, origResult: var PNode): PNode =
  ## expand tuple unpacking assignments into new var/let/const section
  ##
  ## mirrored with semexprs.makeTupleAssignments
  if typ.kind != tyTuple:
    localError(c.config, a.info, errTupleUnpackingTupleExpected %
      [typeToString(typ, preferDesc)])
  elif a.len-2 != typ.len:
    localError(c.config, a.info, errTupleUnpackingDifferentLengths %
      [$(a.len-2), typeToString(typ, preferDesc), $typ.len])
  var
    tempNode: PNode = nil
    lastDef: PNode
  let defkind = if symkind == skConst: nkConstDef else: nkIdentDefs
  # temporary not needed if not const and RHS is tuple literal
  # const breaks with seqs without temporary
  let useTemp = def.kind notin {nkPar, nkTupleConstr} or symkind == skConst
  if useTemp:
    # use same symkind for compatibility with original section
    let temp = newSym(symkind, getIdent(c.cache, "tmpTuple"), c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), n.info)
    temp.typ = typ
    temp.flags.incl(sfGenSym)
    lastDef = newNodeI(defkind, a.info)
    newSons(lastDef, 3)
    lastDef[0] = newSymNode(temp)
    # NOTE: at the moment this is always ast.emptyNode, see parser.nim
    lastDef[1] = a[^2]
    lastDef[2] = def
    temp.ast = lastDef
    addToVarSection(c, origResult, n, lastDef)
    tempNode = newSymNode(temp)
  result = newNodeI(n.kind, a.info)
  for j in 0..<a.len-2:
    let name = a[j]
    if useTemp and name.kind == nkIdent and name.ident.id == ord(wUnderscore):
      # skip _ assignments if we are using a temp as they are already evaluated
      continue
    if name.kind == nkVarTuple:
      # nested tuple
      lastDef = newNodeI(nkVarTuple, name.info)
      newSons(lastDef, name.len)
      for k in 0..<name.len-2:
        lastDef[k] = name[k]
    else:
      lastDef = newNodeI(defkind, name.info)
      newSons(lastDef, 3)
      lastDef[0] = name
    lastDef[^2] = c.graph.emptyNode
    if useTemp:
      lastDef[^1] = newTupleAccessRaw(tempNode, j)
    else:
      var val = def[j]
      if val.kind == nkExprColonExpr: val = val[1]
      lastDef[^1] = val
    result.add(lastDef)

proc semVarOrLet(c: PContext, n: PNode, symkind: TSymKind): PNode =
  var b: PNode
  result = copyNode(n)

  # transform var x, y = 12 into var x = 12; var y = 12
  # bug #18104; transformation should be finished before templates expansion
  # TODO: move warnings for tuple here
  var transformed = copyNode(n)
  for i in 0..<n.len:
    var a = n[i]
    if a.kind == nkIdentDefs and a.len > 3 and a[^1].kind != nkEmpty:
      for j in 0..<a.len-2:
        var b = newNodeI(nkIdentDefs, a.info)
        b.add a[j]
        b.add a[^2]
        b.add copyTree(a[^1])
        transformed.add b
    else:
      transformed.add a
  let n = transformed

  for i in 0..<n.len:
    var a = n[i]
    if c.config.cmd == cmdIdeTools: suggestStmt(c, a)
    if a.kind == nkCommentStmt: continue
    if a.kind notin {nkIdentDefs, nkVarTuple}: illFormedAst(a, c.config)
    checkMinSonsLen(a, 3, c.config)

    b = semVarMacroPragma(c, a, n)
    if b != nil:
      addToVarSection(c, result, b)
      continue

    var hasUserSpecifiedType = false
    var typ: PType = nil
    if a[^2].kind != nkEmpty:
      typ = semTypeNode(c, a[^2], nil)
      hasUserSpecifiedType = true

    var typFlags: TTypeAllowedFlags = {}

    var def: PNode = c.graph.emptyNode
    if typ != nil and typ.kind == tyRange and
        c.graph.config.isDefined("nimPreviewRangeDefault") and
        a[^1].kind == nkEmpty:
      a[^1] = firstRange(c.config, typ)

    if a[^1].kind != nkEmpty:
      def = semExprWithType(c, a[^1], {efTypeAllowed}, typ)

      if def.kind == nkSym and def.sym.kind in {skTemplate, skMacro}:
        typFlags.incl taIsTemplateOrMacro
      elif def.typ.kind == tyTypeDesc and c.p.owner.kind != skMacro:
        typFlags.incl taProcContextIsNotMacro

      if typ != nil:
        if typ.isMetaType:
          def = inferWithMetatype(c, typ, def)
          typ = def.typ
        else:
          # BUGFIX: ``fitNode`` is needed here!
          # check type compatibility between def.typ and typ
          def = fitNodeConsiderViewType(c, typ, def, def.info)
          #changeType(def.skipConv, typ, check=true)
      else:
        typ = def.typ.skipTypes({tyStatic, tySink}).skipIntLit(c.idgen)
        if typ.kind in tyUserTypeClasses and typ.isResolvedUserTypeClass:
          typ = typ.last
        if hasEmpty(typ):
          localError(c.config, def.info, errCannotInferTypeOfTheLiteral % typ.kind.toHumanStr)
        elif typ.kind == tyProc and def.kind == nkSym and isGenericRoutine(def.sym.ast):
          let owner = typ.owner
          let err =
            # consistent error message with evaltempl/semMacroExpr
            if owner != nil and owner.kind in {skTemplate, skMacro}:
              errMissingGenericParamsForTemplate % def.renderTree
            else:
              errProcHasNoConcreteType % def.renderTree
          localError(c.config, def.info, err)
        when false:
          # XXX This typing rule is neither documented nor complete enough to
          # justify it. Instead use the newer 'unowned x' until we figured out
          # a more general solution.
          if symkind == skVar and typ.kind == tyOwned and def.kind notin nkCallKinds:
            # special type inference rule: 'var it = ownedPointer' is turned
            # into an unowned pointer.
            typ = typ.lastSon

    # this can only happen for errornous var statements:
    if typ == nil: continue

    if c.matchedConcept != nil:
      typFlags.incl taConcept
    typeAllowedCheck(c, a.info, typ, symkind, typFlags)

    var tup = skipTypes(typ, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink})
    if a.kind == nkVarTuple:
      # generate new section from tuple unpacking and embed it into this one
      let assignments = makeVarTupleSection(c, n, a, def, tup, symkind, result)
      let resSection = semVarOrLet(c, assignments, symkind)
      for resDef in resSection:
        addToVarSection(c, result, n, resDef)
    else:
      if tup.kind == tyTuple and def.kind in {nkPar, nkTupleConstr} and
          a.len > 3:
        # var a, b = (1, 2)
        message(c.config, a.info, warnEachIdentIsTuple)

      for j in 0..<a.len-2:
        if a[j].kind == nkDotExpr:
          fillPartialObject(c, a[j], typ)
          addToVarSection(c, result, n, a)
          continue
        var v = semIdentDef(c, a[j], symkind, false)
        when defined(nimsuggest):
          v.hasUserSpecifiedType = hasUserSpecifiedType
        styleCheckDef(c, v)
        onDef(a[j].info, v)
        if sfGenSym notin v.flags:
          if not isDiscardUnderscore(v): addInterfaceDecl(c, v)
        else:
          if v.owner == nil: setOwner(v, c.p.owner)
        when oKeepVariableNames:
          if c.inUnrolledContext > 0: v.flags.incl(sfShadowed)
          else:
            let shadowed = findShadowedVar(c, v)
            if shadowed != nil:
              shadowed.flags.incl(sfShadowed)
              if shadowed.kind == skResult and sfGenSym notin v.flags:
                message(c.config, a.info, warnResultShadowed)
        if def.kind != nkEmpty:
          if sfThread in v.flags: localError(c.config, def.info, errThreadvarCannotInit)
        setVarType(c, v, typ)
        # this is needed for the evaluation pass, guard checking
        #  and custom pragmas:
        b = newNodeI(nkIdentDefs, a.info)
        if importantComments(c.config):
          # keep documentation information:
          b.comment = a.comment
        # postfix not generated here (to generate, get rid of it in transf)
        if a[j].kind == nkPragmaExpr:
          var p = newNodeI(nkPragmaExpr, a.info)
          p.add newSymNode(v)
          p.add a[j][1]
          b.add p
        else:
          b.add newSymNode(v)
        # keep type desc for doc generator
        b.add a[^2]
        b.add copyTree(def)
        addToVarSection(c, result, n, b)
        v.ast = b
        if def.kind == nkEmpty:
          let actualType = v.typ.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias,
                                            tyUserTypeClassInst})
          if actualType.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct} and
            actualType.requiresInit:
            defaultConstructionError(c, v.typ, v.info)
          else:
            checkNilable(c, v)
          # allow let to not be initialised if imported from C:
          if v.kind == skLet and sfImportc notin v.flags and (strictDefs notin c.features or not isLocalSym(v)):
            localError(c.config, a.info, errLetNeedsInit)
        if sfCompileTime in v.flags:
          var x = newNodeI(result.kind, v.info)
          x.add result[i]
          vm.setupCompileTimeVar(c.module, c.idgen, c.graph, x)
        if v.flags * {sfGlobal, sfThread} == {sfGlobal}:
          message(c.config, v.info, hintGlobalVar)
        if {sfGlobal, sfPure} <= v.flags:
          globalVarInitCheck(c, def)
        suggestSym(c.graph, v.info, v, c.graph.usageSym)

proc semConst(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
  result = copyNode(n)
  inc c.inStaticContext
  var b: PNode
  for i in 0..<n.len:
    var a = n[i]
    if c.config.cmd == cmdIdeTools: suggestStmt(c, a)
    if a.kind == nkCommentStmt: continue
    if a.kind notin {nkConstDef, nkVarTuple}: illFormedAst(a, c.config)
    checkMinSonsLen(a, 3, c.config)

    b = semVarMacroPragma(c, a, n)
    if b != nil:
      addToVarSection(c, result, b)
      continue

    var hasUserSpecifiedType = false
    var typ: PType = nil
    if a[^2].kind != nkEmpty:
      typ = semTypeNode(c, a[^2], nil)
      hasUserSpecifiedType = true

    var typFlags: TTypeAllowedFlags = {}

    # don't evaluate here since the type compatibility check below may add a converter
    openScope(c)
    var def = semExprWithType(c, a[^1], {efTypeAllowed}, typ)

    if def.kind == nkSym and def.sym.kind in {skTemplate, skMacro}:
      typFlags.incl taIsTemplateOrMacro
    elif def.typ.kind == tyTypeDesc and c.p.owner.kind != skMacro:
      typFlags.incl taProcContextIsNotMacro

    # check type compatibility between def.typ and typ:
    if typ != nil:
      if typ.isMetaType:
        def = inferWithMetatype(c, typ, def)
        typ = def.typ
      else:
        def = fitRemoveHiddenConv(c, typ, def)
    else:
      typ = def.typ

    # evaluate the node
    def = semConstExpr(c, def)
    if def == nil:
      localError(c.config, a[^1].info, errConstExprExpected)
      continue
    if def.kind != nkNilLit:
      if c.matchedConcept != nil:
        typFlags.incl taConcept
      typeAllowedCheck(c, a.info, typ, skConst, typFlags)
    closeScope(c)

    if a.kind == nkVarTuple:
      # generate new section from tuple unpacking and embed it into this one
      let assignments = makeVarTupleSection(c, n, a, def, typ, skConst, result)
      let resSection = semConst(c, assignments)
      for resDef in resSection:
        addToVarSection(c, result, n, resDef)
    else:
      for j in 0..<a.len-2:
        var v = semIdentDef(c, a[j], skConst)
        when defined(nimsuggest):
          v.hasUserSpecifiedType = hasUserSpecifiedType
        if sfGenSym notin v.flags: addInterfaceDecl(c, v)
        elif v.owner == nil: setOwner(v, getCurrOwner(c))
        styleCheckDef(c, v)
        onDef(a[j].info, v)

        var fillSymbol = true
        if v.typ != nil:
          # symbol already has type and probably value
          # don't mutate
          fillSymbol = false
        else:
          setVarType(c, v, typ)
        b = newNodeI(nkConstDef, a.info)
        if importantComments(c.config): b.comment = a.comment
        # postfix not generated here (to generate, get rid of it in transf)
        if a[j].kind == nkPragmaExpr:
          var p = newNodeI(nkPragmaExpr, a.info)
          p.add newSymNode(v)
          p.add a[j][1].copyTree
          b.add p
        else:
          b.add newSymNode(v)
        b.add a[1]
        b.add copyTree(def)
        if fillSymbol:
          v.ast = b
        addToVarSection(c, result, n, b)
  dec c.inStaticContext

include semfields


proc symForVar(c: PContext, n: PNode): PSym =
  let m = if n.kind == nkPragmaExpr: n[0] else: n
  result = newSymG(skForVar, m, c)
  styleCheckDef(c, result)
  onDef(n.info, result)
  if n.kind == nkPragmaExpr:
    pragma(c, result, n[1], forVarPragmas)

proc semForVars(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
  result = n
  let iterBase = n[^2].typ
  var iter = skipTypes(iterBase, {tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
  var iterAfterVarLent = iter.skipTypes({tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tyLent, tyVar})
  # n.len == 3 means that there is one for loop variable
  # and thus no tuple unpacking:
  if iterAfterVarLent.kind == tyEmpty:
    localError(c.config, n[^2].info, "cannot infer element type of $1" %
               renderTree(n[^2], {renderNoComments}))
  if iterAfterVarLent.kind != tyTuple or n.len == 3:
    if n.len == 3:
      if n[0].kind == nkVarTuple:
        if iterAfterVarLent.kind != tyTuple:
          return localErrorNode(c, n, n[0].info, errTupleUnpackingTupleExpected %
              [typeToString(n[1].typ, preferDesc)])
        elif n[0].len-1 != iterAfterVarLent.len:
          return localErrorNode(c, n, n[0].info, errWrongNumberOfVariables)

        for i in 0..<n[0].len-1:
          var v = symForVar(c, n[0][i])
          if getCurrOwner(c).kind == skModule: incl(v.flags, sfGlobal)
          case iter.kind
          of tyVar, tyLent:
            v.typ = newTypeS(iter.kind, c)
            v.typ.add iterAfterVarLent[i]
            if tfVarIsPtr in iter.flags:
              v.typ.flags.incl tfVarIsPtr
          else:
            v.typ = iter[i]
          n[0][i] = newSymNode(v)
          if sfGenSym notin v.flags and not isDiscardUnderscore(v): addDecl(c, v)
          elif v.owner == nil: setOwner(v, getCurrOwner(c))
      else:
        var v = symForVar(c, n[0])
        if getCurrOwner(c).kind == skModule: incl(v.flags, sfGlobal)
        # BUGFIX: don't use `iter` here as that would strip away
        # the ``tyGenericInst``! See ``tests/compile/tgeneric.nim``
        # for an example:
        v.typ = iterBase
        n[0] = newSymNode(v)
        if sfGenSym notin v.flags and not isDiscardUnderscore(v): addDecl(c, v)
        elif v.owner == nil: setOwner(v, getCurrOwner(c))
    else:
      localError(c.config, n.info, errWrongNumberOfVariables)
  elif n.len-2 != iterAfterVarLent.len:
    localError(c.config, n.info, errWrongNumberOfVariables)
  else:
    for i in 0..<n.len - 2:
      if n[i].kind == nkVarTuple:
        var mutable = false
        var isLent = false
        case iter[i].kind
        of tyVar:
          mutable = true
          iter[i] = iter[i].skipTypes({tyVar})
        of tyLent:
          isLent = true
          iter[i] = iter[i].skipTypes({tyLent})
        else: discard

        if n[i].len-1 != iter[i].len:
          localError(c.config, n[i].info, errWrongNumberOfVariables)
        for j in 0..<n[i].len-1:
          var v = symForVar(c, n[i][j])
          if getCurrOwner(c).kind == skModule: incl(v.flags, sfGlobal)
          if mutable:
            v.typ = newTypeS(tyVar, c)
            v.typ.add iter[i][j]
          elif isLent:
            v.typ = newTypeS(tyLent, c)
            v.typ.add iter[i][j]
          else:
            v.typ = iter[i][j]
          n[i][j] = newSymNode(v)
          if not isDiscardUnderscore(v): addDecl(c, v)
          elif v.owner == nil: setOwner(v, getCurrOwner(c))
      else:
        var v = symForVar(c, n[i])
        if getCurrOwner(c).kind == skModule: incl(v.flags, sfGlobal)
        case iter.kind
        of tyVar, tyLent:
          v.typ = newTypeS(iter.kind, c)
          v.typ.add iterAfterVarLent[i]
          if tfVarIsPtr in iter.flags:
            v.typ.flags.incl tfVarIsPtr
        else:
          v.typ = iter[i]
        n[i] = newSymNode(v)
        if sfGenSym notin v.flags:
          if not isDiscardUnderscore(v): addDecl(c, v)
        elif v.owner == nil: setOwner(v, getCurrOwner(c))
  inc(c.p.nestedLoopCounter)
  let oldBreakInLoop = c.p.breakInLoop
  c.p.breakInLoop = true
  openScope(c)
  n[^1] = semExprBranch(c, n[^1], flags)
  if efInTypeof notin flags:
    discardCheck(c, n[^1], flags)
  closeScope(c)
  c.p.breakInLoop = oldBreakInLoop
  dec(c.p.nestedLoopCounter)

proc implicitIterator(c: PContext, it: string, arg: PNode): PNode =
  result = newNodeI(nkCall, arg.info)
  result.add(newIdentNode(getIdent(c.cache, it), arg.info))
  if arg.typ != nil and arg.typ.kind in {tyVar, tyLent}:
    result.add newDeref(arg)
  else:
    result.add arg
  result = semExprNoDeref(c, result, {efWantIterator})

proc isTrivalStmtExpr(n: PNode): bool =
  for i in 0..<n.len-1:
    if n[i].kind notin {nkEmpty, nkCommentStmt}:
      return false
  result = true

proc handleStmtMacro(c: PContext; n, selector: PNode; magicType: string;
                     flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
  if selector.kind in nkCallKinds:
    # we transform
    # n := for a, b, c in m(x, y, z): Y
    # to
    # m(n)
    let maType = magicsys.getCompilerProc(c.graph, magicType)
    if maType == nil: return

    let headSymbol = selector[0]
    var o: TOverloadIter = default(TOverloadIter)
    var match: PSym = nil
    var symx = initOverloadIter(o, c, headSymbol)
    while symx != nil:
      if symx.kind in {skTemplate, skMacro}:
        if symx.typ.len == 2 and symx.typ.firstParamType == maType.typ:
          if match == nil:
            match = symx
          else:
            localError(c.config, n.info, errAmbiguousCallXYZ % [
              getProcHeader(c.config, match),
              getProcHeader(c.config, symx), $selector])
      symx = nextOverloadIter(o, c, headSymbol)

    if match == nil: return
    var callExpr = newNodeI(nkCall, n.info)
    callExpr.add newSymNode(match)
    callExpr.add n
    case match.kind
    of skMacro: result = semMacroExpr(c, callExpr, callExpr, match, flags)
    of skTemplate: result = semTemplateExpr(c, callExpr, match, flags)
    else: result = nil
  else:
    result = nil

proc handleForLoopMacro(c: PContext; n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
  result = handleStmtMacro(c, n, n[^2], "ForLoopStmt", flags)

proc handleCaseStmtMacro(c: PContext; n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
  # n[0] has been sem'checked and has a type. We use this to resolve
  # '`case`(n[0])' but then we pass 'n' to the `case` macro. This seems to
  # be the best solution.
  var toResolve = newNodeI(nkCall, n.info)
  toResolve.add newIdentNode(getIdent(c.cache, "case"), n.info)
  toResolve.add n[0]

  var errors: CandidateErrors = @[]
  var r = resolveOverloads(c, toResolve, toResolve, {skTemplate, skMacro}, {efNoUndeclared},
                           errors, false)
  if r.state == csMatch:
    var match = r.calleeSym
    markUsed(c, n[0].info, match)
    onUse(n[0].info, match)

    # but pass 'n' to the `case` macro, not 'n[0]':
    r.call[1] = n
    let toExpand = semResolvedCall(c, r, r.call, {})
    case match.kind
    of skMacro: result = semMacroExpr(c, toExpand, toExpand, match, flags)
    of skTemplate: result = semTemplateExpr(c, toExpand, match, flags)
    else: result = errorNode(c, n[0])
  else:
    result = errorNode(c, n[0])
  if result.kind == nkEmpty:
    localError(c.config, n[0].info, errSelectorMustBeOfCertainTypes)
  # this would be the perfectly consistent solution with 'for loop macros',
  # but it kinda sucks for pattern matching as the matcher is not attached to
  # a type then:
  when false:
    result = handleStmtMacro(c, n, n[0], "CaseStmt")

proc semFor(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
  checkMinSonsLen(n, 3, c.config)
  result = handleForLoopMacro(c, n, flags)
  if result != nil: return result
  openScope(c)
  result = n
  n[^2] = semExprNoDeref(c, n[^2], {efWantIterator})
  var call = n[^2]

  if call.kind == nkStmtListExpr and (isTrivalStmtExpr(call) or (call.lastSon.kind in nkCallKinds and call.lastSon[0].sym.kind == skIterator)):
    call = call.lastSon
    n[^2] = call
  let isCallExpr = call.kind in nkCallKinds
  if isCallExpr and call[0].kind == nkSym and
      call[0].sym.magic in {mFields, mFieldPairs, mOmpParFor}:
    if call[0].sym.magic == mOmpParFor:
      result = semForVars(c, n, flags)
      result.transitionSonsKind(nkParForStmt)
    else:
      result = semForFields(c, n, call[0].sym.magic)
  elif isCallExpr and isClosureIterator(call[0].typ.skipTypes(abstractInst)):
    # first class iterator:
    result = semForVars(c, n, flags)
  elif not isCallExpr or call[0].kind != nkSym or
      call[0].sym.kind != skIterator:
    if n.len == 3:
      n[^2] = implicitIterator(c, "items", n[^2])
    elif n.len == 4:
      n[^2] = implicitIterator(c, "pairs", n[^2])
    else:
      localError(c.config, n[^2].info, "iterator within for loop context expected")
    result = semForVars(c, n, flags)
  else:
    result = semForVars(c, n, flags)
  # propagate any enforced VoidContext:
  if n[^1].typ == c.enforceVoidContext:
    result.typ() = c.enforceVoidContext
  elif efInTypeof in flags:
    result.typ() = result.lastSon.typ
  closeScope(c)

proc semCase(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
  result = n
  checkMinSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
  openScope(c)
  pushCaseContext(c, n)
  n[0] = semExprWithType(c, n[0])
  var covered: Int128 = toInt128(0)
  var typ = commonTypeBegin
  var expectedType = expectedType
  var hasElse = false
  let caseTyp = skipTypes(n[0].typ, abstractVar-{tyTypeDesc})
  var chckCovered = caseTyp.shouldCheckCaseCovered()
  case caseTyp.kind
  of tyFloat..tyFloat128, tyString, tyCstring, tyError, shouldChckCovered, tyRange:
    discard
  else:
    popCaseContext(c)
    closeScope(c)
    return handleCaseStmtMacro(c, n, flags)
  template invalidOrderOfBranches(n: PNode) =
    localError(c.config, n.info, "invalid order of case branches")
    break

  for i in 1..<n.len:
    setCaseContextIdx(c, i)
    var x = n[i]
    when defined(nimsuggest):
      if c.config.ideCmd == ideSug and exactEquals(c.config.m.trackPos, x.info) and caseTyp.kind == tyEnum:
        suggestEnum(c, x, caseTyp)
    case x.kind
    of nkOfBranch:
      if hasElse: invalidOrderOfBranches(x)
      checkMinSonsLen(x, 2, c.config)
      semCaseBranch(c, n, x, i, covered)
      var last = x.len-1
      x[last] = semExprBranchScope(c, x[last], expectedType)
      typ = commonType(c, typ, x[last])
      if not endsInNoReturn(x[last]):
        expectedType = typ
    of nkElifBranch:
      if hasElse: invalidOrderOfBranches(x)
      chckCovered = false
      checkSonsLen(x, 2, c.config)
      openScope(c)
      x[0] = forceBool(c, semExprWithType(c, x[0], expectedType = getSysType(c.graph, n.info, tyBool)))
      x[1] = semExprBranch(c, x[1], expectedType = expectedType)
      typ = commonType(c, typ, x[1])
      if not endsInNoReturn(x[1]):
        expectedType = typ
      closeScope(c)
    of nkElse:
      checkSonsLen(x, 1, c.config)
      x[0] = semExprBranchScope(c, x[0], expectedType)
      typ = commonType(c, typ, x[0])
      if not endsInNoReturn(x[0]):
        expectedType = typ
      if (chckCovered and covered == toCover(c, n[0].typ)) or hasElse:
        message(c.config, x.info, warnUnreachableElse)
      hasElse = true
      chckCovered = false
    else:
      illFormedAst(x, c.config)
  if chckCovered:
    if covered == toCover(c, n[0].typ):
      hasElse = true
    elif n[0].typ.skipTypes(abstractRange).kind in {tyEnum, tyChar}:
      localError(c.config, n.info, "not all cases are covered; missing: $1" %
                 formatMissingEnums(c, n))
    else:
      localError(c.config, n.info, "not all cases are covered")
  popCaseContext(c)
  closeScope(c)
  if isEmptyType(typ) or typ.kind in {tyNil, tyUntyped} or
      (not hasElse and efInTypeof notin flags):
    for i in 1..<n.len: discardCheck(c, n[i].lastSon, flags)
    # propagate any enforced VoidContext:
    if typ == c.enforceVoidContext:
      result.typ() = c.enforceVoidContext
  else:
    for i in 1..<n.len:
      var it = n[i]
      let j = it.len-1
      if not endsInNoReturn(it[j]):
        it[j] = fitNode(c, typ, it[j], it[j].info)
    result.typ() = typ

proc semRaise(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
  result = n
  checkSonsLen(n, 1, c.config)
  if n[0].kind != nkEmpty:
    n[0] = semExprWithType(c, n[0])
    var typ = n[0].typ
    if not isImportedException(typ, c.config):
      typ = typ.skipTypes({tyAlias, tyGenericInst, tyOwned})
      if typ.kind != tyRef:
        localError(c.config, n.info, errExprCannotBeRaised)
      if typ.len > 0 and not isException(typ.elementType):
        localError(c.config, n.info, "raised object of type $1 does not inherit from Exception" % typeToString(typ))

proc addGenericParamListToScope(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
  if n.kind != nkGenericParams: illFormedAst(n, c.config)
  for i in 0..<n.len:
    var a = n[i]
    if a.kind == nkSym: addDecl(c, a.sym)
    else: illFormedAst(a, c.config)

proc typeSectionTypeName(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
  if n.kind == nkPragmaExpr:
    if n.len == 0: illFormedAst(n, c.config)
    result = n[0]
  else:
    result = n
  if result.kind == nkPostfix:
    if result.len != 2: illFormedAst(n, c.config)
    result = result[1]
  if result.kind != nkSym: illFormedAst(n, c.config)

proc typeDefLeftSidePass(c: PContext, typeSection: PNode, i: int) =
  let typeDef = typeSection[i]
  checkSonsLen(typeDef, 3, c.config)
  var name = typeDef[0]
  var s: PSym = nil
  if name.kind == nkDotExpr and typeDef[2].kind == nkObjectTy:
    let pkgName = considerQuotedIdent(c, name[0])
    let typName = considerQuotedIdent(c, name[1])
    let pkg = c.graph.packageSyms.strTableGet(pkgName)
    if pkg.isNil or pkg.kind != skPackage:
      localError(c.config, name.info, "unknown package name: " & pkgName.s)
    else:
      let typsym = c.graph.packageTypes.strTableGet(typName)
      if typsym.isNil:
        s = semIdentDef(c, name[1], skType)
        onDef(name[1].info, s)
        s.typ = newTypeS(tyObject, c)
        s.typ.sym = s
        s.flags.incl sfForward
        c.graph.packageTypes.strTableAdd s
        addInterfaceDecl(c, s)
      elif typsym.kind == skType and sfForward in typsym.flags:
        s = typsym
        addInterfaceDecl(c, s)
        # PRTEMP no onDef here?
      else:
        localError(c.config, name.info, typsym.name.s & " is not a type that can be forwarded")
        s = typsym
  else:
    s = semIdentDef(c, name, skType)
    onDef(name.info, s)
    s.typ = newTypeS(tyForward, c)
    s.typ.sym = s             # process pragmas:
    if name.kind == nkPragmaExpr:
      let rewritten = applyTypeSectionPragmas(c, name[1], typeDef)
      if rewritten != nil:
        case rewritten.kind
        of nkTypeDef:
          typeSection[i] = rewritten
        of nkTypeSection:
          typeSection.sons[i .. i] = rewritten.sons
        else: illFormedAst(rewritten, c.config)
        typeDefLeftSidePass(c, typeSection, i)
        return
      pragma(c, s, name[1], typePragmas)
    if sfForward in s.flags:
      # check if the symbol already exists:
      let pkg = c.module.owner
      if not isTopLevel(c) or pkg.isNil:
        localError(c.config, name.info, "only top level types in a package can be 'package'")
      else:
        let typsym = c.graph.packageTypes.strTableGet(s.name)
        if typsym != nil:
          if sfForward notin typsym.flags or sfNoForward notin typsym.flags:
            typeCompleted(typsym)
            typsym.info = s.info
          else:
            localError(c.config, name.info, "cannot complete type '" & s.name.s & "' twice; " &
                    "previous type completion was here: " & c.config$typsym.info)
          s = typsym
    # add it here, so that recursive types are possible:
    if sfGenSym notin s.flags: addInterfaceDecl(c, s)
    elif s.owner == nil: setOwner(s, getCurrOwner(c))

  if name.kind == nkPragmaExpr:
    if name[0].kind == nkPostfix:
      typeDef[0][0][1] = newSymNode(s)
    else:
      typeDef[0][0] = newSymNode(s)
  else:
    if name.kind == nkPostfix:
      typeDef[0][1] = newSymNode(s)
    else:
      typeDef[0] = newSymNode(s)

proc typeSectionLeftSidePass(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
  # process the symbols on the left side for the whole type section, before
  # we even look at the type definitions on the right
  var i = 0
  while i < n.len: # n may grow due to type pragma macros
    var a = n[i]
    when defined(nimsuggest):
      if c.config.cmd == cmdIdeTools:
        inc c.inTypeContext
        suggestStmt(c, a)
        dec c.inTypeContext
    case a.kind
    of nkCommentStmt: discard
    of nkTypeDef: typeDefLeftSidePass(c, n, i)
    else: illFormedAst(a, c.config)
    inc i

proc checkCovariantParamsUsages(c: PContext; genericType: PType) =
  var body = genericType.typeBodyImpl

  proc traverseSubTypes(c: PContext; t: PType): bool =
    template error(msg) = localError(c.config, genericType.sym.info, msg)
    result = false
    template subresult(r) =
      let sub = r
      result = result or sub

    case t.kind
    of tyGenericParam:
      t.flags.incl tfWeakCovariant
      return true
    of tyObject:
      for field in t.n:
        subresult traverseSubTypes(c, field.typ)
    of tyArray:
      return traverseSubTypes(c, t.elementType)
    of tyProc:
      for subType in t.signature:
        if subType != nil:
          subresult traverseSubTypes(c, subType)
      if result:
        error("non-invariant type param used in a proc type: " & $t)
    of tySequence:
      return traverseSubTypes(c, t.elementType)
    of tyGenericInvocation:
      let targetBody = t.genericHead
      for i in 1..<t.len:
        let param = t[i]
        if param.kind == tyGenericParam:
          if tfCovariant in param.flags:
            let formalFlags = targetBody[i-1].flags
            if tfCovariant notin formalFlags:
              error("covariant param '" & param.sym.name.s &
                    "' used in a non-covariant position")
            elif tfWeakCovariant in formalFlags:
              param.flags.incl tfWeakCovariant
            result = true
          elif tfContravariant in param.flags:
            let formalParam = targetBody[i-1].sym
            if tfContravariant notin formalParam.typ.flags:
              error("contravariant param '" & param.sym.name.s &
                    "' used in a non-contravariant position")
            result = true
        else:
          subresult traverseSubTypes(c, param)
    of tyAnd, tyOr, tyNot, tyStatic, tyBuiltInTypeClass, tyCompositeTypeClass:
      error("non-invariant type parameters cannot be used with types such '" & $t & "'")
    of tyUserTypeClass, tyUserTypeClassInst:
      error("non-invariant type parameters are not supported in concepts")
    of tyTuple:
      for fieldType in t.kids:
        subresult traverseSubTypes(c, fieldType)
    of tyPtr, tyRef, tyVar, tyLent:
      if t.elementType.kind == tyGenericParam: return true
      return traverseSubTypes(c, t.elementType)
    of tyDistinct, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned:
      return traverseSubTypes(c, t.skipModifier)
    of tyGenericInst:
      internalAssert c.config, false
    else:
      discard
  discard traverseSubTypes(c, body)

proc typeSectionRightSidePass(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
  for i in 0..<n.len:
    var a = n[i]
    if a.kind == nkCommentStmt: continue
    if a.kind != nkTypeDef: illFormedAst(a, c.config)
    checkSonsLen(a, 3, c.config)
    let name = typeSectionTypeName(c, a[0])
    var s = name.sym
    if s.magic == mNone and a[2].kind == nkEmpty:
      localError(c.config, a.info, errImplOfXexpected % s.name.s)
    if s.magic != mNone: processMagicType(c, s)
    let oldFlags = s.typ.flags
    if a[1].kind != nkEmpty:
      # We have a generic type declaration here. In generic types,
      # symbol lookup needs to be done here.
      openScope(c)
      pushOwner(c, s)
      if s.magic == mNone: s.typ.kind = tyGenericBody
      # XXX for generic type aliases this is not correct! We need the
      # underlying Id really:
      #
      # type
      #   TGObj[T] = object
      #   TAlias[T] = TGObj[T]
      #
      s.typ.n = semGenericParamList(c, a[1], s.typ)
      a[1] = s.typ.n
      s.typ.size = -1 # could not be computed properly
      # we fill it out later. For magic generics like 'seq', it won't be filled
      # so we use tyNone instead of nil to not crash for strange conversions
      # like: mydata.seq
      if s.typ.kind in {tyOpenArray, tyVarargs} and s.typ.len == 1:
        # XXX investigate why `tySequence` cannot be added here for now.
        discard
      else:
        rawAddSon(s.typ, newTypeS(tyNone, c))
      s.ast = a
      inc c.inGenericContext
      var body = semTypeNode(c, a[2], s.typ)
      dec c.inGenericContext
      if body != nil:
        body.sym = s
        body.size = -1 # could not be computed properly
        if body.kind == tyObject:
          # add flags applied to generic type to object (nominal) type
          incl(body.flags, oldFlags)
          # {.inheritable, final.} is already disallowed, but
          # object might have been assumed to be final
          if tfInheritable in oldFlags and tfFinal in body.flags:
            excl(body.flags, tfFinal)
        s.typ[^1] = body
        if tfCovariant in s.typ.flags:
          checkCovariantParamsUsages(c, s.typ)
          # XXX: This is a temporary limitation:
          # The codegen currently produces various failures with
          # generic imported types that have fields, but we need
          # the fields specified in order to detect weak covariance.
          # The proper solution is to teach the codegen how to handle
          # such types, because this would offer various interesting
          # possibilities such as instantiating C++ generic types with
          # garbage collected Nim types.
          if sfImportc in s.flags:
            var body = s.typ.last
            if body.kind == tyObject:
              # erases all declared fields
              body.n.sons = @[]

      popOwner(c)
      closeScope(c)
    elif a[2].kind != nkEmpty:
      # process the type's body:
      pushOwner(c, s)
      var t = semTypeNode(c, a[2], s.typ)
      if s.typ == nil:
        s.typ = t
      elif t != s.typ and (s.typ == nil or s.typ.kind != tyAlias):
        # this can happen for e.g. tcan_alias_specialised_generic:
        assignType(s.typ, t)
        #debug s.typ
      s.ast = a
      popOwner(c)
      # If the right hand side expression was a macro call we replace it with
      # its evaluated result here so that we don't execute it once again in the
      # final pass
      if a[2].kind in nkCallKinds:
        incl a[2].flags, nfSem # bug #10548
    if sfExportc in s.flags:
      if s.typ.kind == tyAlias:
        localError(c.config, name.info, "{.exportc.} not allowed for type aliases")
      elif s.typ.kind == tyGenericBody:
        localError(c.config, name.info, "{.exportc.} not allowed for generic types")

    if tfBorrowDot in s.typ.flags:
      let body = s.typ.skipTypes({tyGenericBody})
      if body.kind != tyDistinct:
        # flag might be copied from alias/instantiation:
        let t = body.skipTypes({tyAlias, tyGenericInst})
        if not (t.kind == tyDistinct and tfBorrowDot in t.flags):
          excl s.typ.flags, tfBorrowDot
          localError(c.config, name.info, "only a 'distinct' type can borrow `.`")
    let aa = a[2]
    if aa.kind in {nkRefTy, nkPtrTy} and aa.len == 1 and
       aa[0].kind == nkObjectTy:
      # give anonymous object a dummy symbol:
      var st = s.typ
      if st.kind == tyGenericBody: st = st.typeBodyImpl
      internalAssert c.config, st.kind in {tyPtr, tyRef}
      internalAssert c.config, st.last.sym == nil
      incl st.flags, tfRefsAnonObj
      let objTy = st.last
      # add flags for `ref object` etc to underlying `object`
      incl(objTy.flags, oldFlags)
      # {.inheritable, final.} is already disallowed, but
      # object might have been assumed to be final
      if tfInheritable in oldFlags and tfFinal in objTy.flags:
        excl(objTy.flags, tfFinal)
      let obj = newSym(skType, getIdent(c.cache, s.name.s & ":ObjectType"),
                       c.idgen, getCurrOwner(c), s.info)
      obj.flags.incl sfGeneratedType
      let symNode = newSymNode(obj)
      obj.ast = a.shallowCopy
      case a[0].kind
      of nkSym: obj.ast[0] = symNode
      of nkPragmaExpr:
        obj.ast[0] = a[0].shallowCopy
        if a[0][0].kind == nkPostfix:
          obj.ast[0][0] = a[0][0].shallowCopy
          obj.ast[0][0][0] = a[0][0][0] # ident "*"
          obj.ast[0][0][1] = symNode
        else:
          obj.ast[0][0] = symNode
        obj.ast[0][1] = a[0][1]
      of nkPostfix:
        obj.ast[0] = a[0].shallowCopy
        obj.ast[0][0] = a[0][0] # ident "*"
        obj.ast[0][1] = symNode
      else: assert(false)
      obj.ast[1] = a[1]
      obj.ast[2] = a[2][0]
      if sfPure in s.flags:
        obj.flags.incl sfPure
      obj.typ = objTy
      objTy.sym = obj
  for sk in c.skipTypes:
    discard semTypeNode(c, sk, nil)
  c.skipTypes = @[]

proc checkForMetaFields(c: PContext; n: PNode; hasError: var bool) =
  proc checkMeta(c: PContext; n: PNode; t: PType; hasError: var bool; parent: PType) =
    if t != nil and (t.isMetaType or t.kind == tyNone) and tfGenericTypeParam notin t.flags:
      if t.kind == tyBuiltInTypeClass and t.len == 1 and t.elementType.kind == tyProc:
        localError(c.config, n.info, ("'$1' is not a concrete type; " &
          "for a callback without parameters use 'proc()'") % t.typeToString)
      elif t.kind == tyNone and parent != nil:
        # TODO: openarray has the `tfGenericTypeParam` flag & generics
        # TODO: handle special cases (sink etc.) and views
        localError(c.config, n.info, errTIsNotAConcreteType % parent.typeToString)
      else:
        localError(c.config, n.info, errTIsNotAConcreteType % t.typeToString)
      hasError = true

  if n.isNil: return
  case n.kind
  of nkRecList, nkRecCase:
    for s in n: checkForMetaFields(c, s, hasError)
  of nkOfBranch, nkElse:
    checkForMetaFields(c, n.lastSon, hasError)
  of nkSym:
    let t = n.sym.typ
    case t.kind
    of tySequence, tySet, tyArray, tyOpenArray, tyVar, tyLent, tyPtr, tyRef,
       tyProc, tyGenericInvocation, tyGenericInst, tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned:
      let start = ord(t.kind in {tyGenericInvocation, tyGenericInst})
      for i in start..<t.len:
        checkMeta(c, n, t[i], hasError, t)
    else:
      checkMeta(c, n, t, hasError, nil)
  else:
    internalAssert c.config, false

proc typeSectionFinalPass(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
  for i in 0..<n.len:
    var a = n[i]
    if a.kind == nkCommentStmt: continue
    let name = typeSectionTypeName(c, a[0])
    var s = name.sym
    # check the style here after the pragmas have been processed:
    styleCheckDef(c, s)
    # compute the type's size and check for illegal recursions:
    if a[0].kind == nkPragmaExpr:
      let pragmas = a[0][1]
      for i in 0 ..< pragmas.len:
        if pragmas[i].kind == nkExprColonExpr and
            pragmas[i][0].kind == nkIdent and
            whichKeyword(pragmas[i][0].ident) == wSize:
          if s.typ.kind != tyEnum and sfImportc notin s.flags:
            # EventType* {.size: sizeof(uint32).} = enum
            # AtomicFlag* {.importc: "atomic_flag", header: "<stdatomic.h>", size: 1.} = object
            localError(c.config, pragmas[i].info, "size pragma only allowed for enum types and imported types")

    if a[1].kind == nkEmpty:
      var x = a[2]
      if x.kind in nkCallKinds and nfSem in x.flags:
        discard "already semchecked, see line marked with bug #10548"
      else:
        while x.kind in {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr} and x.len > 0:
          x = x.lastSon
        # we need the 'safeSkipTypes' here because illegally recursive types
        # can enter at this point, see bug #13763
        if x.kind notin {nkObjectTy, nkDistinctTy, nkEnumTy, nkEmpty} and
            s.typ.safeSkipTypes(abstractPtrs).kind notin {tyObject, tyEnum}:
          # type aliases are hard:
          var t = semTypeNode(c, x, nil)
          assert t != nil
          if s.typ != nil and s.typ.kind notin {tyAlias, tySink}:
            if t.kind in {tyProc, tyGenericInst} and not t.isMetaType:
              assignType(s.typ, t)
              s.typ.itemId = t.itemId
            elif t.kind in {tyObject, tyEnum, tyDistinct}:
              assert s.typ != nil
              assignType(s.typ, t)
              s.typ.itemId = t.itemId     # same id
        var hasError = false
        let baseType = s.typ.safeSkipTypes(abstractPtrs)
        if baseType.kind in {tyObject, tyTuple} and not baseType.n.isNil and
          (x.kind in {nkObjectTy, nkTupleTy} or
           (x.kind in {nkRefTy, nkPtrTy} and x.len == 1 and
           x[0].kind in {nkObjectTy, nkTupleTy})
          ):
          checkForMetaFields(c, baseType.n, hasError)
        if not hasError:
          checkConstructedType(c.config, s.info, s.typ)
  #instAllTypeBoundOp(c, n.info)


proc semAllTypeSections(c: PContext; n: PNode): PNode =
  proc gatherStmts(c: PContext; n: PNode; result: PNode) {.nimcall.} =
    case n.kind
    of nkIncludeStmt:
      for i in 0..<n.len:
        var f = checkModuleName(c.config, n[i])
        if f != InvalidFileIdx:
          if containsOrIncl(c.includedFiles, f.int):
            localError(c.config, n.info, errRecursiveDependencyX % toMsgFilename(c.config, f))
          else:
            let code = c.graph.includeFileCallback(c.graph, c.module, f)
            gatherStmts c, code, result
            excl(c.includedFiles, f.int)
    of nkStmtList:
      for i in 0..<n.len:
        gatherStmts(c, n[i], result)
    of nkTypeSection:
      incl n.flags, nfSem
      typeSectionLeftSidePass(c, n)
      result.add n
    else:
      result.add n

  result = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
  gatherStmts(c, n, result)

  template rec(name) =
    for i in 0..<result.len:
      if result[i].kind == nkTypeSection:
        name(c, result[i])

  rec typeSectionRightSidePass
  rec typeSectionFinalPass
  when false:
    # too beautiful to delete:
    template rec(name; setbit=false) =
      proc `name rec`(c: PContext; n: PNode) {.nimcall.} =
        if n.kind == nkTypeSection:
          when setbit: incl n.flags, nfSem
          name(c, n)
        elif n.kind == nkStmtList:
          for i in 0..<n.len:
            `name rec`(c, n[i])
      `name rec`(c, n)
    rec typeSectionLeftSidePass, true
    rec typeSectionRightSidePass
    rec typeSectionFinalPass

proc semTypeSection(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
  ## Processes a type section. This must be done in separate passes, in order
  ## to allow the type definitions in the section to reference each other
  ## without regard for the order of their definitions.
  if sfNoForward notin c.module.flags or nfSem notin n.flags:
    inc c.inTypeContext
    typeSectionLeftSidePass(c, n)
    typeSectionRightSidePass(c, n)
    typeSectionFinalPass(c, n)
    dec c.inTypeContext
  result = n

proc semParamList(c: PContext, n, genericParams: PNode, s: PSym) =
  s.typ = semProcTypeNode(c, n, genericParams, nil, s.kind)

proc addParams(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind) =
  for i in 1..<n.len:
    if n[i].kind == nkSym: addParamOrResult(c, n[i].sym, kind)
    else: illFormedAst(n, c.config)

proc semBorrow(c: PContext, n: PNode, s: PSym) =
  # search for the correct alias:
  var (b, state) = searchForBorrowProc(c, c.currentScope.parent, s)
  case state
  of bsMatch:
    # store the alias:
    n[bodyPos] = newSymNode(b)
    # Carry over the original symbol magic, this is necessary in order to ensure
    # the semantic pass is correct
    s.magic = b.magic
    if b.typ != nil and b.typ.len > 0:
      s.typ.n[0] = b.typ.n[0]
    s.typ.flags = b.typ.flags
  of bsNoDistinct:
    localError(c.config, n.info, "borrow proc without distinct type parameter is meaningless")
  of bsReturnNotMatch:
    localError(c.config, n.info, "borrow from proc return type mismatch: '$1'" % typeToString(b.typ.returnType))
  of bsGeneric:
    localError(c.config, n.info, "borrow with generic parameter is not supported")
  of bsNotSupported:
    localError(c.config, n.info, "borrow from '$1' is not supported" % $b.name.s)
  else:
    localError(c.config, n.info, errNoSymbolToBorrowFromFound)

proc swapResult(n: PNode, sRes: PSym, dNode: PNode) =
  ## Swap nodes that are (skResult) symbols to d(estination)Node.
  for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
    if n[i].kind == nkSym and n[i].sym == sRes:
        n[i] = dNode
    swapResult(n[i], sRes, dNode)

proc addResult(c: PContext, n: PNode, t: PType, owner: TSymKind) =
  template genResSym(s) =
    var s = newSym(skResult, getIdent(c.cache, "result"), c.idgen,
                   getCurrOwner(c), n.info)
    s.typ = t
    incl(s.flags, sfUsed)

  if owner == skMacro or t != nil:
    if n.len > resultPos and n[resultPos] != nil:
      if n[resultPos].sym.kind != skResult:
        localError(c.config, n.info, "incorrect result proc symbol")
      if n[resultPos].sym.owner != getCurrOwner(c):
        # re-write result with new ownership, and re-write the proc accordingly
        let sResSym = n[resultPos].sym
        genResSym(s)
        n[resultPos] = newSymNode(s)
        swapResult(n, sResSym, n[resultPos])
      c.p.resultSym = n[resultPos].sym
    else:
      genResSym(s)
      c.p.resultSym = s
      n.add newSymNode(c.p.resultSym)
    addParamOrResult(c, c.p.resultSym, owner)

proc semProcAnnotation(c: PContext, prc: PNode;
                       validPragmas: TSpecialWords): PNode =
  # Mirrored with semVarMacroPragma
  result = nil
  var n = prc[pragmasPos]
  if n == nil or n.kind == nkEmpty: return
  for i in 0..<n.len:
    let it = n[i]
    let key = if it.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and it.len >= 1: it[0] else: it

    trySuggestPragmas(c, key)

    if isPossibleMacroPragma(c, it, key):
      # we transform ``proc p {.m, rest.}`` into ``m(do: proc p {.rest.})`` and
      # let the semantic checker deal with it:
      var x = newNodeI(nkCall, key.info)
      x.add(key)

      if it.kind in nkPragmaCallKinds and it.len > 1:
        # pass pragma arguments to the macro too:
        for i in 1..<it.len:
          x.add(it[i])

      # Drop the pragma from the list, this prevents getting caught in endless
      # recursion when the nkCall is semanticized
      prc[pragmasPos] = copyExcept(n, i)
      if prc[pragmasPos].kind != nkEmpty and prc[pragmasPos].len == 0:
        prc[pragmasPos] = c.graph.emptyNode

      x.add(prc)

      # recursion assures that this works for multiple macro annotations too:
      var r = semOverloadedCall(c, x, x, {skMacro, skTemplate}, {efNoUndeclared})
      if r == nil:
        # Restore the old list of pragmas since we couldn't process this
        prc[pragmasPos] = n
        # No matching macro was found but there's always the possibility this may
        # be a .pragma. template instead
        continue

      doAssert r[0].kind == nkSym
      let m = r[0].sym
      case m.kind
      of skMacro: result = semMacroExpr(c, r, r, m, {})
      of skTemplate: result = semTemplateExpr(c, r, m, {})
      else:
        prc[pragmasPos] = n
        continue

      doAssert result != nil

      return result

proc semInferredLambda(c: PContext, pt: LayeredIdTable, n: PNode): PNode =
  ## used for resolving 'auto' in lambdas based on their callsite
  var n = n
  let original = n[namePos].sym
  let s = original #copySym(original, false)
  #incl(s.flags, sfFromGeneric)
  #s.owner() = original

  n = replaceTypesInBody(c, pt, n, original)
  result = n
  s.ast = result
  n[namePos].sym = s
  n[genericParamsPos] = c.graph.emptyNode
  # for LL we need to avoid wrong aliasing
  let params = copyTree n.typ.n
  s.typ = n.typ
  for i in 1..<params.len:
    if params[i].typ.kind in {tyTypeDesc, tyGenericParam,
                              tyFromExpr}+tyTypeClasses:
      localError(c.config, params[i].info, "cannot infer type of parameter: " &
                 params[i].sym.name.s)
    #params[i].sym.owner() = s
  openScope(c)
  pushOwner(c, s)
  addParams(c, params, skProc)
  pushProcCon(c, s)
  addResult(c, n, n.typ.returnType, skProc)
  s.ast[bodyPos] = hloBody(c, semProcBody(c, n[bodyPos], n.typ.returnType))
  trackProc(c, s, s.ast[bodyPos])
  popProcCon(c)
  popOwner(c)
  closeScope(c)
  if optOwnedRefs in c.config.globalOptions and result.typ != nil:
    result.typ() = makeVarType(c, result.typ, tyOwned)
  # alternative variant (not quite working):
  # var prc = arg[0].sym
  # let inferred = c.semGenerateInstance(c, prc, m.bindings, arg.info)
  # result = inferred.ast
  # result.kind = arg.kind

proc activate(c: PContext, n: PNode) =
  # XXX: This proc is part of my plan for getting rid of
  # forward declarations. stay tuned.
  when false:
    # well for now it breaks code ...
    case n.kind
    of nkLambdaKinds:
      discard semLambda(c, n, {})
    of nkCallKinds:
      for i in 1..<n.len: activate(c, n[i])
    else:
      discard

proc maybeAddResult(c: PContext, s: PSym, n: PNode) =
  if s.kind == skMacro:
    let resultType = sysTypeFromName(c.graph, n.info, "NimNode")
    addResult(c, n, resultType, s.kind)
  elif s.typ.returnType != nil and not isInlineIterator(s.typ):
    addResult(c, n, s.typ.returnType, s.kind)

proc canonType(c: PContext, t: PType): PType =
  if t.kind == tySequence:
    result = c.graph.sysTypes[tySequence]
  else:
    result = t

proc prevDestructor(c: PContext; op: TTypeAttachedOp; prevOp: PSym; obj: PType; info: TLineInfo) =
  var msg = "cannot bind another '" & AttachedOpToStr[op] & "' to: " & typeToString(obj)
  if prevOp == nil:
    # happens if the destructor was implicitly constructed for a specific instance,
    # not the entire generic type
    msg.add "; previous declaration was constructed implicitly"
  elif sfOverridden notin prevOp.flags:
    msg.add "; previous declaration was constructed here implicitly: " & (c.config $ prevOp.info)
  else:
    msg.add "; previous declaration was here: " & (c.config $ prevOp.info)
  localError(c.config, info, errGenerated, msg)

proc checkedForDestructor(t: PType): bool =
  if tfCheckedForDestructor in t.flags:
    return true
  # maybe another instance was instantiated, marking the generic root:
  let root = genericRoot(t)
  if root != nil and tfGenericHasDestructor in root.flags:
    return true
  result = false

proc whereToBindTypeHook(c: PContext; t: PType): PType =
  result = t
  while true:
    if result.kind in {tyGenericBody, tyGenericInst}: result = result.skipModifier
    elif result.kind == tyGenericInvocation: result = result[0]
    else: break
  if result.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct, tySequence, tyString}:
    result = canonType(c, result)

proc bindDupHook(c: PContext; s: PSym; n: PNode; op: TTypeAttachedOp) =
  let t = s.typ
  var noError = false
  let cond = t.len == 2 and t.returnType != nil

  if cond:
    var obj = t.firstParamType
    while true:
      incl(obj.flags, tfHasAsgn)
      if obj.kind in {tyGenericBody, tyGenericInst}: obj = obj.skipModifier
      elif obj.kind == tyGenericInvocation: obj = obj.genericHead
      else: break

    var res = t.returnType
    while true:
      if res.kind in {tyGenericBody, tyGenericInst}: res = res.skipModifier
      elif res.kind == tyGenericInvocation: res = res.genericHead
      else: break

    if obj.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct, tySequence, tyString} and sameType(obj, res):
      obj = canonType(c, obj)
      let ao = getAttachedOp(c.graph, obj, op)
      if ao == s:
        discard "forward declared destructor"
      elif ao.isNil and not checkedForDestructor(obj):
        setAttachedOp(c.graph, c.module.position, obj, op, s)
      else:
        prevDestructor(c, op, ao, obj, n.info)
      noError = true
      if obj.owner.getModule != s.getModule:
        localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
          "type bound operation `" & s.name.s & "` can be defined only in the same module with its type (" & obj.typeToString() & ")")

  if not noError and sfSystemModule notin s.owner.flags:
    localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
      "signature for '=dup' must be proc[T: object](x: T): T")

  incl(s.flags, sfUsed)
  incl(s.flags, sfOverridden)

proc bindTypeHook(c: PContext; s: PSym; n: PNode; op: TTypeAttachedOp) =
  let t = s.typ
  var noError = false
  let cond = case op
             of attachedWasMoved:
               t.len == 2 and t.returnType == nil and t.firstParamType.kind == tyVar
             of attachedTrace:
               t.len == 3 and t.returnType == nil and t.firstParamType.kind == tyVar and t[2].kind == tyPointer
             of attachedDestructor:
               if c.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc}:
                 t.len == 2 and t.returnType == nil
               else:
                 t.len == 2 and t.returnType == nil and t.firstParamType.kind == tyVar
             else:
               t.len >= 2 and t.returnType == nil

  if cond:
    var obj = t.firstParamType.skipTypes({tyVar})
    while true:
      incl(obj.flags, tfHasAsgn)
      if obj.kind in {tyGenericBody, tyGenericInst}: obj = obj.skipModifier
      elif obj.kind == tyGenericInvocation: obj = obj.genericHead
      else: break
    if obj.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct, tySequence, tyString}:
      obj = canonType(c, obj)
      let ao = getAttachedOp(c.graph, obj, op)
      if ao == s:
        discard "forward declared destructor"
      elif ao.isNil and not checkedForDestructor(obj):
        setAttachedOp(c.graph, c.module.position, obj, op, s)
      else:
        prevDestructor(c, op, ao, obj, n.info)
      noError = true
      if obj.owner.getModule != s.getModule:
        localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
          "type bound operation `" & s.name.s & "` can be defined only in the same module with its type (" & obj.typeToString() & ")")
  if not noError and sfSystemModule notin s.owner.flags:
    case op
    of attachedTrace:
      localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
        "signature for '=trace' must be proc[T: object](x: var T; env: pointer)")
    of attachedDestructor:
      if c.config.selectedGC in {gcArc, gcAtomicArc, gcOrc}:
        localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
          "signature for '=destroy' must be proc[T: object](x: var T) or proc[T: object](x: T)")
      else:
        localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
          "signature for '=destroy' must be proc[T: object](x: var T)")
    else:
      localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
        "signature for '" & s.name.s & "' must be proc[T: object](x: var T)")
  incl(s.flags, sfUsed)
  incl(s.flags, sfOverridden)

proc semOverride(c: PContext, s: PSym, n: PNode) =
  let name = s.name.s.normalize
  case name
  of "=destroy":
    bindTypeHook(c, s, n, attachedDestructor)
    if s.ast != nil:
      if s.ast[pragmasPos].kind == nkEmpty:
        s.ast[pragmasPos] = newNodeI(nkPragma, s.info)
      s.ast[pragmasPos].add newTree(nkExprColonExpr,
          newIdentNode(c.cache.getIdent("raises"),  s.info), newNodeI(nkBracket, s.info))
  of "deepcopy", "=deepcopy":
    if s.typ.len == 2 and
        s.typ.firstParamType.skipTypes(abstractInst).kind in {tyRef, tyPtr} and
        sameType(s.typ.firstParamType, s.typ.returnType):
      # Note: we store the deepCopy in the base of the pointer to mitigate
      # the problem that pointers are structural types:
      var t = s.typ.firstParamType.skipTypes(abstractInst).elementType.skipTypes(abstractInst)
      while true:
        if t.kind == tyGenericBody: t = t.typeBodyImpl
        elif t.kind == tyGenericInvocation: t = t.genericHead
        else: break
      if t.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct, tyEnum, tySequence, tyString}:
        if getAttachedOp(c.graph, t, attachedDeepCopy).isNil:
          setAttachedOp(c.graph, c.module.position, t, attachedDeepCopy, s)
        else:
          localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
                     "cannot bind another 'deepCopy' to: " & typeToString(t))
      else:
        localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
                   "cannot bind 'deepCopy' to: " & typeToString(t))

      if t.owner.getModule != s.getModule:
        localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
          "type bound operation `" & name & "` can be defined only in the same module with its type (" & t.typeToString() & ")")

    else:
      localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
                 "signature for 'deepCopy' must be proc[T: ptr|ref](x: T): T")
    incl(s.flags, sfUsed)
    incl(s.flags, sfOverridden)
  of "=", "=copy", "=sink":
    if s.magic == mAsgn: return
    incl(s.flags, sfUsed)
    incl(s.flags, sfOverridden)
    if name == "=":
      message(c.config, n.info, warnDeprecated, "Overriding `=` hook is deprecated; Override `=copy` hook instead")
    let t = s.typ
    if t.len == 3 and t.returnType == nil and t.firstParamType.kind == tyVar:
      var obj = t.firstParamType.elementType
      while true:
        incl(obj.flags, tfHasAsgn)
        if obj.kind == tyGenericBody: obj = obj.skipModifier
        elif obj.kind == tyGenericInvocation: obj = obj.genericHead
        else: break
      var objB = t[2]
      while true:
        if objB.kind == tyGenericBody: objB = objB.skipModifier
        elif objB.kind in {tyGenericInvocation, tyGenericInst}:
          objB = objB.genericHead
        else: break
      if obj.kind in {tyObject, tyDistinct, tySequence, tyString} and sameType(obj, objB):
        # attach these ops to the canonical tySequence
        obj = canonType(c, obj)
        #echo "ATTACHING TO ", obj.id, " ", s.name.s, " ", cast[int](obj)
        let k = if name == "=" or name == "=copy": attachedAsgn else: attachedSink
        let ao = getAttachedOp(c.graph, obj, k)
        if ao == s:
          discard "forward declared op"
        elif ao.isNil and not checkedForDestructor(obj):
          setAttachedOp(c.graph, c.module.position, obj, k, s)
        else:
          prevDestructor(c, k, ao, obj, n.info)
        if obj.owner.getModule != s.getModule:
          localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
            "type bound operation `" & name & "` can be defined only in the same module with its type (" & obj.typeToString() & ")")

        return
    if sfSystemModule notin s.owner.flags:
      localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
                "signature for '" & s.name.s & "' must be proc[T: object](x: var T; y: T)")
  of "=trace":
    if s.magic != mTrace:
      bindTypeHook(c, s, n, attachedTrace)
  of "=wasmoved":
    if s.magic != mWasMoved:
      bindTypeHook(c, s, n, attachedWasMoved)
  of "=dup":
    if s.magic != mDup:
      bindDupHook(c, s, n, attachedDup)
  else:
    if sfOverridden in s.flags:
      localError(c.config, n.info, errGenerated,
                 "'destroy' or 'deepCopy' expected for 'override'")

proc cursorInProcAux(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode): bool =
  result = false
  if inCheckpoint(n.info, conf.m.trackPos) != cpNone: return true
  for i in 0..<n.safeLen:
    if cursorInProcAux(conf, n[i]): return true

proc cursorInProc(conf: ConfigRef; n: PNode): bool =
  if n.info.fileIndex == conf.m.trackPos.fileIndex:
    result = cursorInProcAux(conf, n)
  else:
    result = false

proc hasObjParam(s: PSym): bool =
  result = false
  var t = s.typ
  for col in 1..<t.len:
    if skipTypes(t[col], skipPtrs).kind == tyObject:
      return true

proc finishMethod(c: PContext, s: PSym) =
  if hasObjParam(s):
    methodDef(c.graph, c.idgen, s)

proc semCppMember(c: PContext; s: PSym; n: PNode) =
  if sfImportc notin s.flags:
    let isVirtual = sfVirtual in s.flags
    let isCtor = sfConstructor in s.flags
    let pragmaName = if isVirtual: "virtual" elif isCtor: "constructor" else: "member"
    if c.config.backend == backendCpp:
      if s.typ.len < 2 and not isCtor:
        localError(c.config, n.info, pragmaName & " must have at least one parameter")
      for son in s.typ.signature:
        if son!=nil and son.isMetaType:
          localError(c.config, n.info, pragmaName & " unsupported for generic routine")
      var typ: PType
      if isCtor:
        typ = s.typ.returnType
        if typ == nil or typ.kind != tyObject:
          localError(c.config, n.info, "constructor must return an object")
        if sfImportc in typ.sym.flags:
          localError(c.config, n.info, "constructor in an imported type needs importcpp pragma")
      else:
        typ = s.typ.firstParamType
      if typ.kind == tyPtr and not isCtor:
        typ = typ.elementType
      if typ.kind != tyObject:
        localError(c.config, n.info, pragmaName & " must be either ptr to object or object type.")
      if typ.owner.id == s.owner.id and c.module.id == s.owner.id:
        c.graph.memberProcsPerType.mgetOrPut(typ.itemId, @[]).add s
      else:
        localError(c.config, n.info,
          pragmaName & " procs must be defined in the same scope as the type they are virtual for and it must be a top level scope")
    else:
      localError(c.config, n.info, pragmaName & " procs are only supported in C++")
  else:
    var typ = s.typ.returnType
    if typ != nil and typ.kind == tyObject and typ.itemId notin c.graph.initializersPerType:
      var initializerCall = newTree(nkCall, newSymNode(s))
      var isInitializer = n[paramsPos].len > 1
      for i in  1..<n[paramsPos].len:
        let p = n[paramsPos][i]
        let val = p[^1]
        if val.kind == nkEmpty:
          isInitializer = false
          break
        var j = 0
        while p[j].kind == nkSym and p[j].sym.kind == skParam:
          initializerCall.add val
          inc j
      if isInitializer:
        c.graph.initializersPerType[typ.itemId] = initializerCall

proc semMethodPrototype(c: PContext; s: PSym; n: PNode) =
  if s.isGenericRoutine:
    let tt = s.typ
    var foundObj = false
    # we start at 1 for now so that tparsecombnum continues to compile.
    # XXX Revisit this problem later.
    for col in 1..<tt.len:
      let t = tt[col]
      if t != nil and t.kind == tyGenericInvocation:
        var x = skipTypes(t.genericHead, {tyVar, tyLent, tyPtr, tyRef, tyGenericInst,
                                 tyGenericInvocation, tyGenericBody,
                                 tyAlias, tySink, tyOwned})
        if x.kind == tyObject and t.len-1 == n[genericParamsPos].len:
          foundObj = true
          addMethodToGeneric(c.graph, c.module.position, x, col, s)
    message(c.config, n.info, warnDeprecated, "generic methods are deprecated")
    #if not foundObj:
    #  message(c.config, n.info, warnDeprecated, "generic method not attachable to object type is deprecated")
  else:
    # why check for the body? bug #2400 has none. Checking for sfForward makes
    # no sense either.
    # and result[bodyPos].kind != nkEmpty:
    if hasObjParam(s):
      methodDef(c.graph, c.idgen, s)
    else:
      localError(c.config, n.info, "'method' needs a parameter that has an object type")

proc semProcAux(c: PContext, n: PNode, kind: TSymKind,
                validPragmas: TSpecialWords, flags: TExprFlags = {}): PNode =
  result = semProcAnnotation(c, n, validPragmas)
  if result != nil: return result
  result = n
  checkMinSonsLen(n, bodyPos + 1, c.config)

  let
    isAnon = n[namePos].kind == nkEmpty
    isHighlight = c.config.ideCmd == ideHighlight

  var s: PSym

  case n[namePos].kind
  of nkEmpty:
    s = newSym(kind, c.cache.idAnon, c.idgen, c.getCurrOwner, n.info)
    s.flags.incl sfUsed
    s.flags.incl sfGenSym
    n[namePos] = newSymNode(s)
  of nkSym:
    s = n[namePos].sym
    setOwner(s, c.getCurrOwner)
  else:
    # Highlighting needs to be done early so the position for
    # name isn't changed (see taccent_highlight). We don't want to check if this is the
    # defintion yet since we are missing some info (comments, side effects)
    s = semIdentDef(c, n[namePos], kind, reportToNimsuggest=isHighlight)
    n[namePos] = newSymNode(s)
    when false:
      # disable for now
      if sfNoForward in c.module.flags and
         sfSystemModule notin c.module.flags:
        addInterfaceOverloadableSymAt(c, c.currentScope, s)
        s.flags.incl sfForward
        return

  assert s.kind in skProcKinds

  s.ast = n
  s.options = c.config.options
  #s.scope = c.currentScope
  if s.kind in {skMacro, skTemplate}:
    # push noalias flag at first to prevent unwanted recursive calls:
    incl(s.flags, sfNoalias)

  # before compiling the proc params & body, set as current the scope
  # where the proc was declared
  let declarationScope = c.currentScope
  pushOwner(c, s)
  openScope(c)

  # process parameters:
  # generic parameters, parameters, and also the implicit generic parameters
  # within are analysed. This is often the entirety of their semantic analysis
  # but later we will have to do a check for forward declarations, which can by
  # way of pragmas, default params, and so on invalidate this parsing.
  # Nonetheless, we need to carry out this analysis to perform the search for a
  # potential forward declaration.
  setGenericParamsMisc(c, n)

  if n[paramsPos].kind != nkEmpty:
    semParamList(c, n[paramsPos], n[genericParamsPos], s)
  else:
    s.typ = newProcType(c, n.info)

  if n[genericParamsPos].safeLen == 0:
    # if there exist no explicit or implicit generic parameters, then this is
    # at most a nullary generic (generic with no type params). Regardless of
    # whether it's a nullary generic or non-generic, we restore the original.
    # In the case of `nkEmpty` it's non-generic and an empty `nkGeneircParams`
    # is a nullary generic.
    #
    # Remarks about nullary generics vs non-generics:
    # The difference between a non-generic and nullary generic is minor in
    # most cases but there are subtle and significant differences as well.
    # Due to instantiation that generic procs go through, a static echo in the
    # body of a nullary  generic will not be executed immediately, as it's
    # instantiated and not immediately evaluated.
    n[genericParamsPos] = n[miscPos][1]
    n[miscPos] = c.graph.emptyNode

  if tfTriggersCompileTime in s.typ.flags: incl(s.flags, sfCompileTime)
  if n[patternPos].kind != nkEmpty:
    n[patternPos] = semPattern(c, n[patternPos], s)
  if s.kind == skIterator:
    s.typ.flags.incl(tfIterator)
  elif s.kind == skFunc:
    incl(s.flags, sfNoSideEffect)
    incl(s.typ.flags, tfNoSideEffect)

  var (proto, comesFromShadowScope) =
      if isAnon: (nil, false)
      else: searchForProc(c, declarationScope, s)
  if proto == nil and sfForward in s.flags and n[bodyPos].kind != nkEmpty:
    ## In cases such as a macro generating a proc with a gensymmed name we
    ## know `searchForProc` will not find it and sfForward will be set. In
    ## such scenarios the sym is shared between forward declaration and we
    ## can treat the `s` as the proto.
    ## To differentiate between that happening and a macro just returning a
    ## forward declaration that has been typed before we check if the body
    ## is not empty. This has the sideeffect of allowing multiple forward
    ## declarations if they share the same sym.
    ## See the "doubly-typed forward decls" case in tmacros_issues.nim
    proto = s
  let hasProto = proto != nil

  # set the default calling conventions
  case s.kind
  of skIterator:
    if s.typ.callConv != ccClosure:
      s.typ.callConv = if isAnon: ccClosure else: ccInline
  of skMacro, skTemplate:
    # we don't bother setting calling conventions for macros and templates
    discard
  else:
    # NB: procs with a forward decl have theirs determined by the forward decl
    if not hasProto:
      # in this case we're either a forward declaration or we're an impl without
      # a forward decl. We set the calling convention or will be set during
      # pragma analysis further down.
      s.typ.callConv = lastOptionEntry(c).defaultCC

  if not hasProto and sfGenSym notin s.flags: #and not isAnon:
    if s.kind in OverloadableSyms:
      addInterfaceOverloadableSymAt(c, declarationScope, s)
    else:
      addInterfaceDeclAt(c, declarationScope, s)

  pragmaCallable(c, s, n, validPragmas)
  if not hasProto:
    implicitPragmas(c, s, n.info, validPragmas)

  if n[pragmasPos].kind != nkEmpty and sfBorrow notin s.flags:
    setEffectsForProcType(c.graph, s.typ, n[pragmasPos], s)
  s.typ.flags.incl tfEffectSystemWorkaround

  # To ease macro generation that produce forwarded .async procs we now
  # allow a bit redundancy in the pragma declarations. The rule is
  # a prototype's pragma list must be a superset of the current pragma
  # list.
  # XXX This needs more checks eventually, for example that external
  # linking names do agree:
  if hasProto and (
      # calling convention mismatch
      tfExplicitCallConv in s.typ.flags and proto.typ.callConv != s.typ.callConv or
      # implementation has additional pragmas
      proto.typ.flags < s.typ.flags):
    localError(c.config, n[pragmasPos].info, errPragmaOnlyInHeaderOfProcX %
      ("'" & proto.name.s & "' from " & c.config$proto.info &
        " '" & s.name.s & "' from " & c.config$s.info))

  styleCheckDef(c, s)
  if hasProto:
    onDefResolveForward(n[namePos].info, proto)
  else:
    onDef(n[namePos].info, s)

  if hasProto:
    if sfForward notin proto.flags and proto.magic == mNone:
      wrongRedefinition(c, n.info, proto.name.s, proto.info)
    if not comesFromShadowScope:
      excl(proto.flags, sfForward)
      incl(proto.flags, sfWasForwarded)
    suggestSym(c.graph, s.info, proto, c.graph.usageSym)
    closeScope(c)         # close scope with wrong parameter symbols
    openScope(c)          # open scope for old (correct) parameter symbols
    if proto.ast[genericParamsPos].isGenericParams:
      addGenericParamListToScope(c, proto.ast[genericParamsPos])
    addParams(c, proto.typ.n, proto.kind)
    proto.info = s.info       # more accurate line information
    proto.options = s.options
    s = proto
    n[genericParamsPos] = proto.ast[genericParamsPos]
    n[paramsPos] = proto.ast[paramsPos]
    n[pragmasPos] = proto.ast[pragmasPos]
    if n[namePos].kind != nkSym: internalError(c.config, n.info, "semProcAux")
    n[namePos].sym = proto
    if importantComments(c.config) and proto.ast.comment.len > 0:
      n.comment = proto.ast.comment
    proto.ast = n             # needed for code generation
    popOwner(c)
    pushOwner(c, s)

  if not isAnon:
    if sfOverridden in s.flags or s.name.s[0] == '=': semOverride(c, s, n)
    elif s.name.s[0] in {'.', '('}:
      if s.name.s in [".", ".()", ".="] and {Feature.destructor, dotOperators} * c.features == {}:
        localError(c.config, n.info, "the overloaded " & s.name.s &
          " operator has to be enabled with {.experimental: \"dotOperators\".}")
      elif s.name.s == "()" and callOperator notin c.features:
        localError(c.config, n.info, "the overloaded " & s.name.s &
          " operator has to be enabled with {.experimental: \"callOperator\".}")

  if sfBorrow in s.flags and c.config.cmd notin cmdDocLike:
    result[bodyPos] = c.graph.emptyNode

  if sfCppMember * s.flags != {} and sfWasForwarded notin s.flags:
    semCppMember(c, s, n)

  if n[bodyPos].kind != nkEmpty and sfError notin s.flags:
    # for DLL generation we allow sfImportc to have a body, for use in VM
    if c.config.ideCmd in {ideSug, ideCon} and s.kind notin {skMacro, skTemplate} and not
        cursorInProc(c.config, n[bodyPos]):
      # speed up nimsuggest
      if s.kind == skMethod: semMethodPrototype(c, s, n)
    elif isAnon:
      let gp = n[genericParamsPos]
      if gp.kind == nkEmpty or (gp.len == 1 and tfRetType in gp[0].typ.flags):
        # absolutely no generics (empty) or a single generic return type are
        # allowed, everything else, including a nullary generic is an error.
        pushProcCon(c, s)
        addResult(c, n, s.typ.returnType, skProc)
        s.ast[bodyPos] = hloBody(c, semProcBody(c, n[bodyPos], s.typ.returnType))
        trackProc(c, s, s.ast[bodyPos])
        popProcCon(c)
      elif efOperand notin flags:
        localError(c.config, n.info, errGenericLambdaNotAllowed)
    else:
      pushProcCon(c, s)
      if n[genericParamsPos].kind == nkEmpty or s.kind in {skMacro, skTemplate}:
        # Macros and Templates can have generic parameters, but they are only
        # used for overload resolution (there is no instantiation of the symbol)
        if s.kind notin {skMacro, skTemplate} and s.magic == mNone: paramsTypeCheck(c, s.typ)
        maybeAddResult(c, s, n)
        let resultType =
          if s.kind == skMacro:
            sysTypeFromName(c.graph, n.info, "NimNode")
          elif not isInlineIterator(s.typ):
            s.typ.returnType
          else:
            nil
        # semantic checking also needed with importc in case used in VM
        s.ast[bodyPos] = hloBody(c, semProcBody(c, n[bodyPos], resultType))
        # unfortunately we cannot skip this step when in 'system.compiles'
        # context as it may even be evaluated in 'system.compiles':
        trackProc(c, s, s.ast[bodyPos])
      else:
        if (s.typ.returnType != nil and s.kind != skIterator):
          addDecl(c, newSym(skUnknown, getIdent(c.cache, "result"), c.idgen, s, n.info))

        openScope(c)
        n[bodyPos] = semGenericStmt(c, n[bodyPos])
        closeScope(c)
        if s.magic == mNone:
          fixupInstantiatedSymbols(c, s)
      if s.kind == skMethod: semMethodPrototype(c, s, n)
      popProcCon(c)
  else:
    if s.kind == skMethod: semMethodPrototype(c, s, n)
    if hasProto: localError(c.config, n.info, errImplOfXexpected % proto.name.s)
    if {sfImportc, sfBorrow, sfError} * s.flags == {} and s.magic == mNone:
      # this is a forward declaration and we're building the prototype
      if s.kind in {skProc, skFunc} and s.typ.returnType != nil and s.typ.returnType.kind == tyAnything:
        localError(c.config, n[paramsPos][0].info, "return type 'auto' cannot be used in forward declarations")

      incl(s.flags, sfForward)
      incl(s.flags, sfWasForwarded)
    elif sfBorrow in s.flags: semBorrow(c, n, s)
  sideEffectsCheck(c, s)

  closeScope(c)           # close scope for parameters
  # c.currentScope = oldScope
  popOwner(c)
  if n[patternPos].kind != nkEmpty:
    c.patterns.add(s)
  if isAnon:
    n.transitionSonsKind(nkLambda)
    result.typ() = s.typ
    if optOwnedRefs in c.config.globalOptions:
      result.typ() = makeVarType(c, result.typ, tyOwned)
  elif isTopLevel(c) and s.kind != skIterator and s.typ.callConv == ccClosure:
    localError(c.config, s.info, "'.closure' calling convention for top level routines is invalid")

  # Prevent double highlights. We already highlighted before.
  # When not highlighting we still need to allow for suggestions though
  if not isHighlight:
    suggestSym(c.graph, s.info, s, c.graph.usageSym)

proc determineType(c: PContext, s: PSym) =
  if s.typ != nil: return
  #if s.magic != mNone: return
  #if s.ast.isNil: return
  discard semProcAux(c, s.ast, s.kind, {})

proc semIterator(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
  # gensym'ed iterator?
  if n[namePos].kind == nkSym:
    # gensym'ed iterators might need to become closure iterators:
    setOwner(n[namePos].sym, getCurrOwner(c))
    n[namePos].sym.transitionRoutineSymKind(skIterator)
  result = semProcAux(c, n, skIterator, iteratorPragmas)
  # bug #7093: if after a macro transformation we don't have an
  # nkIteratorDef aynmore, return. The iterator then might have been
  # sem'checked already. (Or not, if the macro skips it.)
  if result.kind != n.kind: return
  var s = result[namePos].sym
  var t = s.typ
  if t.returnType == nil and s.typ.callConv != ccClosure:
    localError(c.config, n.info, "iterator needs a return type")
  # iterators are either 'inline' or 'closure'; for backwards compatibility,
  # we require first class iterators to be marked with 'closure' explicitly
  # -- at least for 0.9.2.
  if s.typ.callConv == ccClosure:
    incl(s.typ.flags, tfCapturesEnv)
  else:
    s.typ.callConv = ccInline
  if result[bodyPos].kind == nkEmpty and s.magic == mNone and c.inConceptDecl == 0:
    localError(c.config, n.info, errImplOfXexpected % s.name.s)
  if optOwnedRefs in c.config.globalOptions and result.typ != nil:
    result.typ() = makeVarType(c, result.typ, tyOwned)
    result.typ.callConv = ccClosure

proc semProc(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
  result = semProcAux(c, n, skProc, procPragmas)

proc semFunc(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
  let validPragmas = if n[namePos].kind != nkEmpty: procPragmas
                     else: lambdaPragmas
  result = semProcAux(c, n, skFunc, validPragmas)

proc semMethod(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
  if not isTopLevel(c): localError(c.config, n.info, errXOnlyAtModuleScope % "method")
  result = semProcAux(c, n, skMethod, methodPragmas)
  # macros can transform converters to nothing:
  if namePos >= result.safeLen: return result
  # bug #7093: if after a macro transformation we don't have an
  # nkIteratorDef aynmore, return. The iterator then might have been
  # sem'checked already. (Or not, if the macro skips it.)
  if result.kind != nkMethodDef: return
  var s = result[namePos].sym
  # we need to fix the 'auto' return type for the dispatcher here (see tautonotgeneric
  # test case):
  let disp = getDispatcher(s)
  # auto return type?
  if disp != nil and disp.typ.returnType != nil and disp.typ.returnType.kind == tyUntyped:
    let ret = s.typ.returnType
    disp.typ.setReturnType ret
    if disp.ast[resultPos].kind == nkSym:
      if isEmptyType(ret): disp.ast[resultPos] = c.graph.emptyNode
      else: disp.ast[resultPos].sym.typ = ret

proc semConverterDef(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
  if not isTopLevel(c): localError(c.config, n.info, errXOnlyAtModuleScope % "converter")
  result = semProcAux(c, n, skConverter, converterPragmas)
  # macros can transform converters to nothing:
  if namePos >= result.safeLen: return result
  # bug #7093: if after a macro transformation we don't have an
  # nkIteratorDef aynmore, return. The iterator then might have been
  # sem'checked already. (Or not, if the macro skips it.)
  if result.kind != nkConverterDef: return
  var s = result[namePos].sym
  var t = s.typ
  if t.returnType == nil: localError(c.config, n.info, errXNeedsReturnType % "converter")
  if t.len != 2: localError(c.config, n.info, "a converter takes exactly one argument")
  addConverterDef(c, LazySym(sym: s))

proc semMacroDef(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
  result = semProcAux(c, n, skMacro, macroPragmas)
  # macros can transform macros to nothing:
  if namePos >= result.safeLen: return result
  # bug #7093: if after a macro transformation we don't have an
  # nkIteratorDef aynmore, return. The iterator then might have been
  # sem'checked already. (Or not, if the macro skips it.)
  if result.kind != nkMacroDef: return
  var s = result[namePos].sym
  var t = s.typ
  var allUntyped = true
  var nullary = true
  for i in 1..<t.n.len:
    let param = t.n[i].sym
    if param.typ.kind != tyUntyped: allUntyped = false
    # no default value, parameters required in call
    if param.ast == nil: nullary = false
  if allUntyped: incl(s.flags, sfAllUntyped)
  if nullary and n[genericParamsPos].kind == nkEmpty:
    # macro can be called with alias syntax, remove pushed noalias flag
    excl(s.flags, sfNoalias)
  if n[bodyPos].kind == nkEmpty:
    localError(c.config, n.info, errImplOfXexpected % s.name.s)

proc incMod(c: PContext, n: PNode, it: PNode, includeStmtResult: PNode) =
  var f = checkModuleName(c.config, it)
  if f != InvalidFileIdx:
    addIncludeFileDep(c, f)
    onProcessing(c.graph, f, "include", c.module)
    if containsOrIncl(c.includedFiles, f.int):
      localError(c.config, n.info, errRecursiveDependencyX % toMsgFilename(c.config, f))
    else:
      includeStmtResult.add semStmt(c, c.graph.includeFileCallback(c.graph, c.module, f), {})
      excl(c.includedFiles, f.int)

proc evalInclude(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
  result = newNodeI(nkStmtList, n.info)
  result.add n
  template checkAs(it: PNode) =
    if it.kind == nkInfix and it.len == 3:
      let op = it[0].getPIdent
      if op != nil and op.id == ord(wAs):
        localError(c.config, it.info, "Cannot use '" & it[0].renderTree & "' in 'include'.")
  for i in 0..<n.len:
    let it = n[i]
    checkAs(it)
    if it.kind in {nkInfix, nkPrefix} and it[^1].kind == nkBracket:
      let lastPos = it.len - 1
      var imp = copyNode(it)
      newSons(imp, it.len)
      for i in 0 ..< lastPos: imp[i] = it[i]
      imp[lastPos] = imp[0] # dummy entry, replaced in the loop
      for x in it[lastPos]:
        checkAs(x)
        imp[lastPos] = x
        incMod(c, n, imp, result)
    else:
      incMod(c, n, it, result)

proc recursiveSetFlag(n: PNode, flag: TNodeFlag) =
  if n != nil:
    for i in 0..<n.safeLen: recursiveSetFlag(n[i], flag)
    incl(n.flags, flag)

proc semPragmaBlock(c: PContext, n: PNode; expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
  checkSonsLen(n, 2, c.config)
  let pragmaList = n[0]
  pragma(c, nil, pragmaList, exprPragmas, isStatement = true)

  var inUncheckedAssignSection = 0
  for p in pragmaList:
    if whichPragma(p) == wCast:
      case whichPragma(p[1])
      of wGcSafe, wNoSideEffect, wTags, wForbids, wRaises:
        discard "handled in sempass2"
      of wUncheckedAssign:
        inUncheckedAssignSection = 1
      else:
        localError(c.config, p.info, "invalid pragma block: " & $p)

  inc c.inUncheckedAssignSection, inUncheckedAssignSection
  n[1] = semExpr(c, n[1], expectedType = expectedType)
  dec c.inUncheckedAssignSection, inUncheckedAssignSection
  result = n
  result.typ() = n[1].typ
  for i in 0..<pragmaList.len:
    case whichPragma(pragmaList[i])
    of wLine: setInfoRecursive(result, pragmaList[i].info)
    of wNoRewrite: recursiveSetFlag(result, nfNoRewrite)
    else: discard

proc semStaticStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode): PNode =
  #echo "semStaticStmt"
  #writeStackTrace()
  inc c.inStaticContext
  openScope(c)
  let a = semStmt(c, n[0], {})
  closeScope(c)
  dec c.inStaticContext
  n[0] = a
  evalStaticStmt(c.module, c.idgen, c.graph, a, c.p.owner)
  when false:
    # for incremental replays, keep the AST as required for replays:
    result = n
  else:
    result = newNodeI(nkDiscardStmt, n.info, 1)
    result[0] = c.graph.emptyNode

proc usesResult(n: PNode): bool =
  # nkStmtList(expr) properly propagates the void context,
  # so we don't need to process that all over again:
  if n.kind notin {nkStmtList, nkStmtListExpr,
                   nkMacroDef, nkTemplateDef} + procDefs:
    if isAtom(n):
      result = n.kind == nkSym and n.sym.kind == skResult
    elif n.kind == nkReturnStmt:
      result = true
    else:
      result = false
      for c in n:
        if usesResult(c): return true
  else:
    result = false

proc inferConceptStaticParam(c: PContext, inferred, n: PNode) =
  var typ = inferred.typ
  let res = semConstExpr(c, n)
  if not sameType(res.typ, typ.base):
    localError(c.config, n.info,
      "cannot infer the concept parameter '%s', due to a type mismatch. " &
      "attempt to equate '%s' and '%s'." % [inferred.renderTree, $res.typ, $typ.base])
  typ.n = res

proc semStmtList(c: PContext, n: PNode, flags: TExprFlags, expectedType: PType = nil): PNode =
  result = n
  result.transitionSonsKind(nkStmtList)
  var voidContext = false
  var last = n.len-1
  # by not allowing for nkCommentStmt etc. we ensure nkStmtListExpr actually
  # really *ends* in the expression that produces the type: The compiler now
  # relies on this fact and it's too much effort to change that. And arguably
  #  'R(); #comment' shouldn't produce R's type anyway.
  #while last > 0 and n[last].kind in {nkPragma, nkCommentStmt,
  #                                         nkNilLit, nkEmpty}:
  #  dec last
  for i in 0..<n.len:
    var x = semExpr(c, n[i], flags, if i == n.len - 1: expectedType else: nil)
    n[i] = x
    if c.matchedConcept != nil and x.typ != nil and
        (nfFromTemplate notin n.flags or i != last):
      case x.typ.kind
      of tyBool:
        if x.kind == nkInfix and
            x[0].kind == nkSym and
            x[0].sym.name.s == "==":
          if x[1].typ.isUnresolvedStatic:
            inferConceptStaticParam(c, x[1], x[2])
            continue
          elif x[2].typ.isUnresolvedStatic:
            inferConceptStaticParam(c, x[2], x[1])
            continue

        let verdict = semConstExpr(c, n[i])
        if verdict == nil or verdict.kind != nkIntLit or verdict.intVal == 0:
          localError(c.config, result.info, "concept predicate failed")
      of tyFromExpr: continue
      else: discard
    if n[i].typ == c.enforceVoidContext: #or usesResult(n[i]):
      voidContext = true
      n.typ() = c.enforceVoidContext
    if i == last and (n.len == 1 or ({efWantValue, efInTypeof} * flags != {})):
      n.typ() = n[i].typ
      if not isEmptyType(n.typ): n.transitionSonsKind(nkStmtListExpr)
    elif i != last or voidContext:
      discardCheck(c, n[i], flags)
    else:
      n.typ() = n[i].typ
      if not isEmptyType(n.typ): n.transitionSonsKind(nkStmtListExpr)
    var m = n[i]
    while m.kind in {nkStmtListExpr, nkStmtList} and m.len > 0: # from templates
      m = m.lastSon
    if endsInNoReturn(m):
      for j in i + 1..<n.len:
        case n[j].kind
        of nkPragma, nkCommentStmt, nkNilLit, nkEmpty, nkState: discard
        else: message(c.config, n[j].info, warnUnreachableCode)
    else: discard

  if result.len == 1 and
     # concept bodies should be preserved as a stmt list:
     c.matchedConcept == nil and
     # also, don't make life complicated for macros.
     # they will always expect a proper stmtlist:
     nfBlockArg notin n.flags and
     result[0].kind != nkDefer:
    result = result[0]

proc semStmt(c: PContext, n: PNode; flags: TExprFlags): PNode =
  if efInTypeof notin flags:
    result = semExprNoType(c, n)
  else:
    result = semExpr(c, n, flags)