Nim/doc/sets_fragment.txt

The set type models the mathematical notion of a set. The set's basetype can
only be an ordinal type of a certain size, namely:

* ``int8``-``int16``
* ``uint8``/``byte``-``uint16``
* ``char``
* ``enum``

or equivalent. For signed integers the set's base type is defined to be in the
range ``0 .. MaxSetElements-1`` where ``MaxSetElements`` is currently always
2^16.

The reason is that sets are implemented as high performance bit vectors.
Attempting to declare a set with a larger type will result in an error:

.. code-block:: nim

  var s: set[int64] # Error: set is too large

Sets can be constructed via the set constructor: ``{}`` is the empty set. The
empty set is type compatible with any concrete set type. The constructor
can also be used to include elements (and ranges of elements):

.. code-block:: nim
  type
    CharSet = set[char]
  var
    x: CharSet
  x = {'a'..'z', '0'..'9'} # This constructs a set that contains the
                           # letters from 'a' to 'z' and the digits
                           # from '0' to '9'

These operations are supported by sets:

==================    ========================================================
operation             meaning
==================    ========================================================
``A + B``             union of two sets
``A * B``             intersection of two sets
``A - B``             difference of two sets (A without B's elements)
``A == B``            set equality
``A <= B``            subset relation (A is subset of B or equal to B)
``A < B``             strict subset relation (A is a proper subset of B)
``e in A``            set membership (A contains element e)
``e notin A``         A does not contain element e
``contains(A, e)``    A contains element e
``card(A)``           the cardinality of A (number of elements in A)
``incl(A, elem)``     same as ``A = A + {elem}``
``excl(A, elem)``     same as ``A = A - {elem}``
==================    ========================================================

Bit fields
~~~~~~~~~~

Sets are often used to define a type for the *flags* of a procedure.
This is a cleaner (and type safe) solution than defining integer
constants that have to be ``or``'ed together.

Enum, sets and casting can be used together as in:

.. code-block:: nim

  type
    MyFlag* {.size: sizeof(cint).} = enum
      A
      B
      C
      D
    MyFlags = set[MyFlag]

  proc toNum(f: MyFlags): int = cast[cint](f)
  proc toFlags(v: int): MyFlags = cast[MyFlags](v)

  assert toNum({}) == 0
  assert toNum({A}) == 1
  assert toNum({D}) == 8
  assert toNum({A, C}) == 5
  assert toFlags(0) == {}
  assert toFlags(7) == {A, B, C}

Note how the set turns enum values into powers of 2.

If using enums and sets with C, use distinct cint.

For interoperability with C see also the
`bitsize pragma <#implementation-specific-pragmas-bitsize-pragma>`_.