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<html>
<head>
	<meta charset="utf-8">
	<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">

	<style type="text/css">
		@import url('../css/main.css');
	</style>

	<title>ThinkPad R400: flashing tutorial (BeagleBone Black)</title>
</head>

<body>

	<div class="section">
		<h1 id="pagetop">Flashing the R400 with a BeagleBone Black</h1>
			<p>Initial flashing instructions for R400.</p>
			<p>
				This guide is for those who want libreboot on their ThinkPad R400
				while they still have the original Lenovo BIOS present. This guide
				can also be followed (adapted) if you brick your R400, to know how
				to recover.
			</p>
			<p>
				Before following this section, please make sure to setup your libreboot ROM properly first. 
				Although ROM images are provided pre-built in libreboot, there are some modifications that 
				you need to make to the one you chose before flashing. (instructions referenced later in
				this guide)
			</p>

			<p><a href="index.html">Back to main index</a></p>
	</div>

	<div class="section">

		<h1 id="t400">Libreboot T400</h1>
			<p>
				You may also be interested in the smaller, more portable <a href="t400_external.html">Libreboot T400</a>.
			</p>

	</div>
	
	<div class="section">
	
		<h2 id="serial_port">Serial port</h2>
		
			<p>
				EHCI debug might not be needed. It has been reported that the docking station
				for this laptop has a serial port, so it might be possible to use that instead.
			</p>
	
	</div>

	<div class="section">

		<h1 id="lcd_compatibility">LCD compatibly</h1>
			<p>
				Not all LCD panels are compatible yet. See <a href="../hcl/gm45_lcd.html">../hcl/gm45_lcd.html</a>.
			</p>

	</div>
	
	<div class="section" id="cpu_compatibility">
	
		<h1>A note about CPUs</h1>
			<p>
				<a href="http://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/Category:R400">ThinkWiki</a> has a list of CPUs
				for this system. The Core 2 Duo P8400 and P8600 are believed to work in libreboot.
				The Core 2 Duo T9600 was confirmed to work, so the T9400 probably also works.
				<b>The Core 2 Duo T5870/5670 and Celeron M 575/585 are untested!</b>
			</p>
			
			<h2>Quad-core CPUs</h2>
			
				<p>
					Although blocked by lenovobios (as was reported), it is reported that there are quad-core CPUs
					for GM45. This laptop has socketed CPUs, so it might be possible to use them
					(they are untested in coreboot; support may have to be added).
					Core 2 Quad Q9000, Q9100 or QX9300.
				</p>
				
				<p>
					Look at this link:<br/>
					<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_2_microprocessors#Quad-Core_Notebook_processors">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_2_microprocessors#Quad-Core_Notebook_processors</a>
				</p>
	
	</div>
	
	<div class="section" id="switchable_graphics">
	
		<h1>A note about GPUs</h1>
		
			<p>
				Some models have an Intel GPU, while others have both an ATI and an Intel GPU; this
				is referred to as &quot;switchable graphics&quot;. In the <i>BIOS setup</i> program
				for lenovobios, you can specify that the system will use one or the other (but not both).
			</p>
			
			<p>
				Libreboot is known to work on systems with only the Intel GPU, using native graphics initialization.
				On systems with switchable graphics, the Intel GPU is used and the ATI GPU is disabled, so
				native graphics initialization works all the same.
			</p>
			
		<h1>CPU paste required</h1>
			
			<p>
				See <a href="#paste">#paste</a>.
			</p>
	
	</div>

	<div class="section">

		<h1 id="flashchips">Flash chip size</h1>
		
			<p>
				Use this to find out:<br>
				# <b>dmidecode | grep ROM\ Size</b><br>
			</p>
		
			<p>
				<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page.</a>
			</p>
			
	</div>
	
	<div class="section photos">
	
		<h1 id="macaddress">MAC address</h1>
		
			<p>
				On the R400, the MAC address for the onboard
				gigabit ethernet chipset is stored inside the flash chip,
				along with other configuration data.
			</p>
			<p>
				Keep a note of the MAC address before disassembly; this is
				very important, because you will need to insert this into
				the libreboot ROM image before flashing it.
				It will be written in one of these locations:
			</p>
			
			<p>
				<img src="images/t400/macaddress0.jpg" alt="" />
				<img src="images/t400/macaddress1.jpg" alt="" />
				<img src="images/x200/disassembly/0001.jpg" alt="" />
			</p>
	
	</div>
		
	<div class="section photos">

		<h1>Initial BBB configuration</h1>
		
			<p>
				Refer to <a href="bbb_setup.html">bbb_setup.html</a> for how to
				setup the BBB for flashing.
			</p>

			<p>
				The following shows how to connect clip to the BBB	(on the P9 header), for SOIC-16 (clip: Pomona 5252):
			</p>
<pre>
POMONA 5252 (correlate with the BBB guide)
===  ethernet jack and VGA port ====
 NC              -       - 21
 1               -       - 17
 NC              -       - NC
 NC              -       - NC
 NC              -       - NC
 NC              -       - NC
 18              -       - 3.3V (PSU)
 22              -       - NC - this is pin 1 on the flash chip
===  SATA port ===
<i>This is how you will connect. Numbers refer to pin numbers on the BBB, on the plugs near the DC jack.</i><br/>
<img src="images/t400/0065.jpg" alt="" />
</pre>
			<p>
				The following shows how to connect clip to the BBB	(on the P9 header), for SOIC-8 (clip: Pomona 5250):
			</p>
<pre>
POMONA 5250 (correlate with the BBB guide)
===  RAM slots ====
 18              -       - 1
 22              -       - NC
 NC              -       - 21
 3.3V (PSU)      -       - 17 - this is pin 1 on the flash chip
===  slot where the AC jack is connected ===
<i>This is how you will connect. Numbers refer to pin numbers on the BBB, on the plugs near the DC jack.</i><br/>
<img src="images/r400/0051.jpg" alt="" />
</pre>

			<h2 id="disassembly">Disassembly</h2>
			
				<p>
					Remove all screws:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0000.jpg" alt="" /><br/>
					Remove the HDD and optical drive:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0001.jpg" alt="" /><br/>
					Remove the hinge screws:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0002.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0003.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
				
				<p>
					Remove the palm rest and keyboard:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0004.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0005.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
				
				<p>
					Remove these screws, and then remove the bezel:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0006.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0007.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
				
				<p>
					Remove the speaker screws, but don't remove the speakers yet
					(just set them loose):<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0008.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0009.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0010.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
					
				<p>
					Remove these screws, and then remove the metal plate:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0011.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0012.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0013.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
				
				<p>
					Remove the antennas from the wifi card, and then
					start unrouting them:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0014.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0015.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0016.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0017.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0018.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0019.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
					
				<p>
					Disconnect the LCD cable from the motherboard:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0020.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0021.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0022.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0023.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
					
				<p>
					Remove the hinge screws, and then remove the LCD panel:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0024.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0025.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0026.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0027.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
					
				<p>
					Remove this:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0028.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0029.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
				
				<p>
					Remove this long cable (there are 3 connections):<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0030.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0031.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0032.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0033.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
				
				<p>
					Disconnect the speaker cable, and remove the speakers:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0034.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
					
				<p>
					Remove the heatsink screws, remove the fan
					and then remove the heatsink/fan:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0035.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0036.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0037.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0038.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
					
				<p>
					Remove the NVRAM battery:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0039.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0040.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
				
				<p>
					Remove this screw:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0041.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0042.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
				
				<p>
					Disconnect the AC jack:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0043.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0044.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
				
				<p>
					Remove this screw and then remove what is under it:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0045.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
				
				<p>
					Remove this:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0046.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
				
				<p>
					Lift the motherboard (which is still inside the cage)
					from the side on the right, removing it completely:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0047.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0048.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
				
				<p>
					Remove all screws, marking each hole so that you know
					where to re-insert them. You should place the screws in
					a layout corresponding to the order that they were in
					before removal:
					<img src="images/r400/0049.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0050.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
				
				<p>
					Remove the motherboard from the cage, and the SPI flash
					chip will be next to the memory slots:<br/>
					<img src="images/r400/0051.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/r400/0052.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
				
				<p>
					Connect your programmer, then connect GND and 3.3V<br/>
					<img src="images/t400/0065.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/t400/0066.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/t400/0067.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/t400/0069.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/t400/0070.jpg" alt="" />
					<img src="images/t400/0071.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
				<p>
					A dedicated 3.3V PSU was used to create this guide, but
					at ATX PSU is also fine:<br/>
					<img src="images/t400/0072.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
				
				<p>
					Of course, make sure to turn on your PSU:<br/>
					<img src="images/x200/disassembly/0013.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>

				<p>
					Now, you should be ready to install libreboot.
				</p>
		
				<p>
					Flashrom binaries for ARM (tested on a BBB) are distributed in libreboot_util. Alternatively,
					libreboot also distributes flashrom source code which can be built.
				</p>
				<p>
					Log in as root on your BBB, using the instructions in <a href="bbb_setup.html#bbb_access">bbb_setup.html#bbb_access</a>. 
				</p>
				<p>
					Test that flashrom works:<br/>
					# <b>./flashrom -p linux_spi:dev=/dev/spidev1.0,spispeed=512</b><br/>
					In this case, the output was:
				</p>
<pre>
flashrom v0.9.7-r1854 on Linux 3.8.13-bone47 (armv7l)
flashrom is free software, get the source code at http://www.flashrom.org
Calibrating delay loop... OK.
Found Macronix flash chip &quot;MX25L6405(D)&quot; (8192 kB, SPI) on linux_spi.
Found Macronix flash chip &quot;MX25L6406E/MX25L6436E&quot; (8192 kB, SPI) on linux_spi.
Found Macronix flash chip &quot;MX25L6445E/MX25L6473E&quot; (8192 kB, SPI) on linux_spi.
Multiple flash chip definitions match the detected chip(s): &quot;MX25L6405(D)&quot;, &quot;MX25L6406E/MX25L6436E&quot;, &quot;MX25L6445E/MX25L6473E&quot;
Please specify which chip definition to use with the -c &lt;chipname&gt; option.
</pre>
				<p>
					How to backup factory.rom (change the -c option as neeed, for your flash chip):<br/>
					# <b>./flashrom -p linux_spi:dev=/dev/spidev1.0,spispeed=512 -r factory.rom</b><br/>
					# <b>./flashrom -p linux_spi:dev=/dev/spidev1.0,spispeed=512 -r factory1.rom</b><br/>
					# <b>./flashrom -p linux_spi:dev=/dev/spidev1.0,spispeed=512 -r factory2.rom</b><br/>
					Note: the <b>-c</b> option is not required in libreboot's patched flashrom, because
					the redundant flash chip definitions in <i>flashchips.c</i> have been removed.<br/>
					Now compare the 3 images:<br/>
					# <b>sha512sum factory*.rom</b><br/>
					If the hashes match, then just copy one of them (the factory.rom) to a safe place (on a drive connected to another system, not
					the BBB). This is useful for reverse engineering work, if there is a desirable behaviour in the original firmware
					that could be replicated in coreboot and libreboot.
				</p>
				<p>
					Follow the instructions at <a href="../hcl/gm45_remove_me.html#ich9gen">../hcl/gm45_remove_me.html#ich9gen</a>
					to change the MAC address inside the libreboot ROM image, before flashing it.
					Although there is a default MAC address inside the ROM image, this is not what you want. <b>Make sure
					to always change the MAC address to one that is correct for your system.</b>
				</p>
				<p>
					Now flash it:<br/>
					# <b>./flashrom -p linux_spi:dev=/dev/spidev1.0,spispeed=512 -w path/to/libreboot/rom/image.rom -V</b>
				</p>
				<p>
					<img src="images/x200/disassembly/0015.jpg" alt="" />
				</p>
				<p>
					You might see errors, but if it says <b>Verifying flash... VERIFIED</b> at the end, then it's flashed and should boot.
					If you see errors, try again (and again, and again); the message <b>Chip content is identical to the requested image</b>
					is also an indication of a successful installation.
				</p>
				<p>
					Example output from running the command (see above):
				</p>
<pre>
flashrom v0.9.7-r1854 on Linux 3.8.13-bone47 (armv7l)
flashrom is free software, get the source code at http://www.flashrom.org
Calibrating delay loop... OK.
Found Macronix flash chip &quot;MX25L6405(D)&quot; (8192 kB, SPI) on linux_spi.
Reading old flash chip contents... done.
Erasing and writing flash chip... FAILED at 0x00001000! Expected=0xff, Found=0x00, failed byte count from 0x00000000-0x0000ffff: 0xd716
ERASE FAILED!
Reading current flash chip contents... done. Looking for another erase function.
Erase/write done.
Verifying flash... VERIFIED.
</pre>

				
			<p>
				<a href="#pagetop">Back to top of page.</a>
			</p>
			
	</div>
	
	<div class="section photos" id="paste">
	
		<h1>Thermal paste (IMPORTANT)</h1>
	
			<p>
				Because part of this procedure involved removing the heatsink, you will need to apply new paste.
				Arctic MX-4 is ok. You will also need isopropyl alcohol and an anti-static cloth to clean with.
			</p>
			
			<p>
				When re-installing the heatsink, you must first clean off all old paste with the alcohol/cloth.
				Then apply new paste. Arctic MX-4 is also much better than the default paste used on these systems.
			</p>
			
			<p>
				<img src="images/t400/paste.jpg" alt="" />
			</p>
			
			<p>
				NOTE: the photo above is for illustration purposes only, and does not show how to properly apply the thermal paste.
				Other guides online detail the proper application procedure.
			</p>
	
	</div>
	
	<div class="section">
	
		<h1 id="wifi">Wifi</h1>
		
			<p>
				The R400 typically comes with an Intel wifi chipset, which does not
				work without proprietary software. For a list of wifi chipsets that
				work without proprietary software, see
				<a href="../hcl/index.html#recommended_wifi">../hcl/index.html#recommended_wifi</a>.
			</p>
			
			<p>
				Some R400 laptops might come with an Atheros chipset, but this is 802.11g only.
			</p>
			
			<p>
				It is recommended that you install a new wifi chipset. This can only
				be done after installing libreboot, because the original firmware has
				a whitelist of approved chips, and it will refuse to boot if you
				use an 'unauthorized' wifi card.
			</p>
			
			<p>
				The following photos show an Atheros AR5B95 being installed, to
				replace the Intel chip that this R400 came with:<br/>
				<img src="images/t400/0012.jpg" alt="" />
				<img src="images/t400/ar5b95.jpg" alt="" />
			</p>
	
	</div>
	
	<div class="section">
	
		<h1 id="wwan">WWAN</h1>
			<p>
				If you have a WWAN/3G card and/or sim card reader, remove them permanently. 
				The WWAN-3G card has proprietary firmware inside; the technology is
				identical to what is used in mobile phones, so it can also track your movements.
			</p>
			<p>
				Not to be confused with wifi (wifi is fine).
			</p>
	
	</div>
	
	<div class="section photos">
	
		<h1 id="memory">Memory</h1>
		
			<p>
				You need DDR3 SODIMM PC3-8500 RAM installed, in matching pairs
				(speed/size). Non-matching pairs won't work. You can also install a
				single module (meaning, one of the slots will be empty) in slot 0.
			</p>
			
			<p>
				Make sure that the RAM you buy is the 2Rx8 density.
			</p>
			
			<p>
				The following photo shows 8GiB (2x4GiB) of RAM installed:<br/>
				<img src="images/t400/memory.jpg" alt="" />
			</p>
	
	</div>
	
	<div class="section photos">
	
			<h2>
				Boot it!
			</h2>
			<p>
				You should see something like this:
			</p>
			<p>
				<img src="images/t400/boot0.jpg" alt="" />
				<img src="images/t400/boot1.jpg" alt="" />
			</p>
			
			<p>
				Now <a href="../gnulinux/index.html">install GNU/Linux</a>.
			</p>
	
	</div>

	<div class="section">

		<p>
			Copyright &copy;  2014, 2015 Francis Rowe &lt;info@gluglug.org.uk&gt;<br/>
			Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
			under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
			or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
			with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
			A copy of the license can be found at <a href="../gfdl-1.3.txt">../gfdl-1.3.txt</a>
		</p>

		<p>
			Updated versions of the license (when available) can be found at
			<a href="https://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html">https://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html</a>
		</p>

		<p>
			UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE
			EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS
			AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF
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			KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT
			ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
		</p>
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			USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN
			ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR
			DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR
			IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
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			The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided
			above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent
			possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and
			waiver of all liability.
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