godot-docs/getting_started/first_2d_game/03.coding_the_player.rst

.. _doc_your_first_2d_game_coding_the_player:

Coding the player
=================

In this lesson, we'll add player movement, animation, and set it up to detect
collisions.

To do so, we need to add some functionality that we can't get from a built-in
node, so we'll add a script. Click the ``Player`` node and click the "Attach
Script" button:

.. image:: img/add_script_button.webp

In the script settings window, you can leave the default settings alone. Just
click "Create":

.. note:: If you're creating a C# script or other languages, select the language
          from the `language` drop down menu before hitting create.

.. image:: img/attach_node_window.webp

.. note:: If this is your first time encountering GDScript, please read
          :ref:`doc_scripting` before continuing.

Start by declaring the member variables this object will need:

.. tabs::
 .. code-tab:: gdscript GDScript

    extends Area2D

    @export var speed = 400 # How fast the player will move (pixels/sec).
    var screen_size # Size of the game window.

 .. code-tab:: csharp

    using Godot;

    public partial class Player : Area2D
    {
        [Export]
        public int Speed { get; set; } = 400; // How fast the player will move (pixels/sec).

        public Vector2 ScreenSize; // Size of the game window.
    }

 .. code-tab:: cpp

    // A `player.gdns` file has already been created for you. Attach it to the Player node.

    // Create two files `player.cpp` and `player.hpp` next to `entry.cpp` in `src`.
    // This code goes in `player.hpp`. We also define the methods we'll be using here.
    #ifndef PLAYER_H
    #define PLAYER_H

    #include <AnimatedSprite2D.hpp>
    #include <Area2D.hpp>
    #include <CollisionShape2D.hpp>
    #include <Godot.hpp>
    #include <Input.hpp>

    class Player : public godot::Area2D {
        GODOT_CLASS(Player, godot::Area2D)

        godot::AnimatedSprite2D *_animated_sprite;
        godot::CollisionShape2D *_collision_shape;
        godot::Input *_input;
        godot::Vector2 _screen_size; // Size of the game window.

    public:
        real_t speed = 400; // How fast the player will move (pixels/sec).

        void _init() {}
        void _ready();
        void _process(const double p_delta);
        void start(const godot::Vector2 p_position);
        void _on_body_entered(godot::Node2D *_body);

        static void _register_methods();
    };

    #endif // PLAYER_H

Using the ``export`` keyword on the first variable ``speed`` allows us to set
its value in the Inspector. This can be handy for values that you want to be
able to adjust just like a node's built-in properties. Click on the ``Player``
node and you'll see the property now appears in the "Script Variables" section
of the Inspector. Remember, if you change the value here, it will override the
value written in the script.

.. warning::

    If you're using C#, you need to (re)build the project assemblies
    whenever you want to see new export variables or signals. This
    build can be manually triggered by clicking the "Build" button at
    the top right of the editor.

    .. image:: img/build_dotnet.webp

    A manual build can also be triggered from the MSBuild Panel. Click
    the word "MSBuild" at the bottom of the editor window to reveal the
    MSBuild Panel, then click the "Build" button.

.. image:: img/export_variable.webp

The ``_ready()`` function is called when a node enters the scene tree, which is
a good time to find the size of the game window:

.. tabs::
 .. code-tab:: gdscript GDScript

    func _ready():
        screen_size = get_viewport_rect().size

 .. code-tab:: csharp

    public override void _Ready()
    {
        ScreenSize = GetViewportRect().Size;
    }

 .. code-tab:: cpp

    // This code goes in `player.cpp`.
    #include "player.hpp"

    void Player::_ready() {
        _animated_sprite = get_node<godot::AnimatedSprite2D>("AnimatedSprite2D");
        _collision_shape = get_node<godot::CollisionShape2D>("CollisionShape2D");
        _input = godot::Input::get_singleton();
        _screen_size = get_viewport_rect().size;
    }

Now we can use the ``_process()`` function to define what the player will do.
``_process()`` is called every frame, so we'll use it to update elements of our
game, which we expect will change often. For the player, we need to do the
following:

- Check for input.
- Move in the given direction.
- Play the appropriate animation.

First, we need to check for input - is the player pressing a key? For this game,
we have 4 direction inputs to check. Input actions are defined in the Project
Settings under "Input Map". Here, you can define custom events and assign
different keys, mouse events, or other inputs to them. For this game, we will
map the arrow keys to the four directions.

Click on *Project -> Project Settings* to open the project settings window and
click on the *Input Map* tab at the top. Type "move_right" in the top bar and
click the "Add" button to add the ``move_right`` action.

.. image:: img/input-mapping-add-action.webp

We need to assign a key to this action. Click the "+" icon on the right, to
open the event manager window.

.. image:: img/input-mapping-add-key.webp

The "Listening for Input..." field should automatically be selected.
Press the "right" key on your keyboard, and the menu should look like this now.

.. image:: img/input-mapping-event-configuration.webp

Select the "ok" button. The "right" key is now associated with the ``move_right`` action.

Repeat these steps to add three more mappings:

1. ``move_left`` mapped to the left arrow key.
2. ``move_up`` mapped to the up arrow key.
3. And ``move_down`` mapped to the down arrow key.

Your input map tab should look like this:

.. image:: img/input-mapping-completed.webp

Click the "Close" button to close the project settings.

.. note::

   We only mapped one key to each input action, but you can map multiple keys,
   joystick buttons, or mouse buttons to the same input action.

You can detect whether a key is pressed using ``Input.is_action_pressed()``,
which returns ``true`` if it's pressed or ``false`` if it isn't.

.. tabs::
 .. code-tab:: gdscript GDScript

    func _process(delta):
        var velocity = Vector2.ZERO # The player's movement vector.
        if Input.is_action_pressed("move_right"):
            velocity.x += 1
        if Input.is_action_pressed("move_left"):
            velocity.x -= 1
        if Input.is_action_pressed("move_down"):
            velocity.y += 1
        if Input.is_action_pressed("move_up"):
            velocity.y -= 1

        if velocity.length() > 0:
            velocity = velocity.normalized() * speed
            $AnimatedSprite2D.play()
        else:
            $AnimatedSprite2D.stop()

 .. code-tab:: csharp

    public override void _Process(double delta)
    {
        var velocity = Vector2.Zero; // The player's movement vector.

        if (Input.IsActionPressed("move_right"))
        {
            velocity.X += 1;
        }

        if (Input.IsActionPressed("move_left"))
        {
            velocity.X -= 1;
        }

        if (Input.IsActionPressed("move_down"))
        {
            velocity.Y += 1;
        }

        if (Input.IsActionPressed("move_up"))
        {
            velocity.Y -= 1;
        }

        var animatedSprite2D = GetNode<AnimatedSprite2D>("AnimatedSprite2D");

        if (velocity.Length() > 0)
        {
            velocity = velocity.Normalized() * Speed;
            animatedSprite2D.Play();
        }
        else
        {
            animatedSprite2D.Stop();
        }
    }

 .. code-tab:: cpp

    // This code goes in `player.cpp`.
    void Player::_process(const double p_delta) {
        godot::Vector2 velocity(0, 0);

        velocity.x = _input->get_action_strength("move_right") - _input->get_action_strength("move_left");
        velocity.y = _input->get_action_strength("move_down") - _input->get_action_strength("move_up");

        if (velocity.length() > 0) {
            velocity = velocity.normalized() * speed;
            _animated_sprite->play();
        } else {
            _animated_sprite->stop();
        }
    }

We start by setting the ``velocity`` to ``(0, 0)`` - by default, the player
should not be moving. Then we check each input and add/subtract from the
``velocity`` to obtain a total direction. For example, if you hold ``right`` and
``down`` at the same time, the resulting ``velocity`` vector will be ``(1, 1)``.
In this case, since we're adding a horizontal and a vertical movement, the
player would move *faster* diagonally than if it just moved horizontally.

We can prevent that if we *normalize* the velocity, which means we set its
*length* to ``1``, then multiply by the desired speed. This means no more fast
diagonal movement.

.. tip:: If you've never used vector math before, or need a refresher, you can
         see an explanation of vector usage in Godot at :ref:`doc_vector_math`.
         It's good to know but won't be necessary for the rest of this tutorial.

We also check whether the player is moving so we can call ``play()`` or
``stop()`` on the AnimatedSprite2D.

.. tip:: ``$`` is shorthand for ``get_node()``. So in the code above,
         ``$AnimatedSprite2D.play()`` is the same as
         ``get_node("AnimatedSprite2D").play()``.

         In GDScript, ``$`` returns the node at the relative path from the
         current node, or returns ``null`` if the node is not found. Since
         AnimatedSprite2D is a child of the current node, we can use
         ``$AnimatedSprite2D``.

Now that we have a movement direction, we can update the player's position. We
can also use ``clamp()`` to prevent it from leaving the screen. *Clamping* a
value means restricting it to a given range. Add the following to the bottom of
the ``_process`` function (make sure it's not indented under the `else`):

.. tabs::
 .. code-tab:: gdscript GDScript

        position += velocity * delta
        position = position.clamp(Vector2.ZERO, screen_size)

 .. code-tab:: csharp

        Position += velocity * (float)delta;
        Position = new Vector2(
            x: Mathf.Clamp(Position.X, 0, ScreenSize.X),
            y: Mathf.Clamp(Position.Y, 0, ScreenSize.Y)
        );

 .. code-tab:: cpp

        godot::Vector2 position = get_position();
        position += velocity * (real_t)p_delta;
        position.x = godot::Math::clamp(position.x, (real_t)0.0, _screen_size.x);
        position.y = godot::Math::clamp(position.y, (real_t)0.0, _screen_size.y);
        set_position(position);

.. tip:: The `delta` parameter in the `_process()` function refers to the *frame
        length* - the amount of time that the previous frame took to complete.
        Using this value ensures that your movement will remain consistent even
        if the frame rate changes.

Click "Play Scene" (:kbd:`F6`, :kbd:`Cmd + R` on macOS) and confirm you can move
the player around the screen in all directions.

.. warning:: If you get an error in the "Debugger" panel that says

            ``Attempt to call function 'play' in base 'null instance' on a null
            instance``

            this likely means you spelled the name of the AnimatedSprite2D node
            wrong. Node names are case-sensitive and ``$NodeName`` must match
            the name you see in the scene tree.

Choosing animations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Now that the player can move, we need to change which animation the
AnimatedSprite2D is playing based on its direction. We have the "walk" animation,
which shows the player walking to the right. This animation should be flipped
horizontally using the ``flip_h`` property for left movement. We also have the
"up" animation, which should be flipped vertically with ``flip_v`` for downward
movement. Let's place this code at the end of the ``_process()`` function:

.. tabs::
 .. code-tab:: gdscript GDScript

        if velocity.x != 0:
            $AnimatedSprite2D.animation = "walk"
            $AnimatedSprite2D.flip_v = false
            # See the note below about boolean assignment.
            $AnimatedSprite2D.flip_h = velocity.x < 0
        elif velocity.y != 0:
            $AnimatedSprite2D.animation = "up"
            $AnimatedSprite2D.flip_v = velocity.y > 0

 .. code-tab:: csharp

        if (velocity.X != 0)
        {
            animatedSprite2D.Animation = "walk";
            animatedSprite2D.FlipV = false;
            // See the note below about boolean assignment.
            animatedSprite2D.FlipH = velocity.X < 0;
        }
        else if (velocity.Y != 0)
        {
            animatedSprite2D.Animation = "up";
            animatedSprite2D.FlipV = velocity.Y > 0;
        }

 .. code-tab:: cpp

        if (velocity.x != 0) {
            _animated_sprite->set_animation("walk");
            _animated_sprite->set_flip_v(false);
            // See the note below about boolean assignment.
            _animated_sprite->set_flip_h(velocity.x < 0);
        } else if (velocity.y != 0) {
            _animated_sprite->set_animation("up");
            _animated_sprite->set_flip_v(velocity.y > 0);
        }

.. Note:: The boolean assignments in the code above are a common shorthand for
          programmers. Since we're doing a comparison test (boolean) and also
          *assigning* a boolean value, we can do both at the same time. Consider
          this code versus the one-line boolean assignment above:

          .. tabs::
           .. code-tab :: gdscript GDScript

             if velocity.x < 0:
                 $AnimatedSprite2D.flip_h = true
             else:
                 $AnimatedSprite2D.flip_h = false

           .. code-tab:: csharp

             if (velocity.X < 0)
             {
                 animatedSprite2D.FlipH = true;
             }
             else
             {
                 animatedSprite2D.FlipH = false;
             }

Play the scene again and check that the animations are correct in each of the
directions.

.. tip:: A common mistake here is to type the names of the animations wrong. The
        animation names in the SpriteFrames panel must match what you type in
        the code. If you named the animation ``"Walk"``, you must also use a
        capital "W" in the code.

When you're sure the movement is working correctly, add this line to
``_ready()``, so the player will be hidden when the game starts:

.. tabs::
 .. code-tab:: gdscript GDScript

    hide()

 .. code-tab:: csharp

    Hide();

 .. code-tab:: cpp

    hide();

Preparing for collisions
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

We want ``Player`` to detect when it's hit by an enemy, but we haven't made any
enemies yet! That's OK, because we're going to use Godot's *signal*
functionality to make it work.

Add the following at the top of the script. If you're using GDScript, add it after
``extends Area2D``. If you're using C#, add it after ``public partial class Player : Area2D``:

.. tabs::
 .. code-tab:: gdscript GDScript

    signal hit

 .. code-tab:: csharp

    // Don't forget to rebuild the project so the editor knows about the new signal.

    [Signal]
    public delegate void HitEventHandler();

 .. code-tab:: cpp

    // This code goes in `player.cpp`.
    // We need to register the signal here, and while we're here, we can also
    // register the other methods and register the speed property.
    void Player::_register_methods() {
        godot::register_method("_ready", &Player::_ready);
        godot::register_method("_process", &Player::_process);
        godot::register_method("start", &Player::start);
        godot::register_method("_on_body_entered", &Player::_on_body_entered);
        godot::register_property("speed", &Player::speed, (real_t)400.0);
        // This below line is the signal.
        godot::register_signal<Player>("hit", godot::Dictionary());
    }

This defines a custom signal called "hit" that we will have our player emit
(send out) when it collides with an enemy. We will use ``Area2D`` to detect the
collision. Select the ``Player`` node and click the "Node" tab next to the
Inspector tab to see the list of signals the player can emit:

.. image:: img/player_signals.webp

Notice our custom "hit" signal is there as well! Since our enemies are going to
be ``RigidBody2D`` nodes, we want the ``body_entered(body: Node2D)`` signal. This
signal will be emitted when a body contacts the player. Click "Connect.." and
the "Connect a Signal" window appears. We don't need to change any of these
settings so click "Connect" again. Godot will automatically create a function in
your player's script.

.. image:: img/player_signal_connection.webp

Note the green icon indicating that a signal is connected to this function. Add
this code to the function:

.. tabs::
 .. code-tab:: gdscript GDScript

    func _on_body_entered(body):
        hide() # Player disappears after being hit.
        hit.emit()
        # Must be deferred as we can't change physics properties on a physics callback.
        $CollisionShape2D.set_deferred("disabled", true)

 .. code-tab:: csharp

    private void OnBodyEntered(PhysicsBody2D body)
    {
        Hide(); // Player disappears after being hit.
        EmitSignal(SignalName.Hit);
        // Must be deferred as we can't change physics properties on a physics callback.
        GetNode<CollisionShape2D>("CollisionShape2D").SetDeferred(CollisionShape2D.PropertyName.Disabled, true);
    }

 .. code-tab:: cpp

    // This code goes in `player.cpp`.
    void Player::_on_body_entered(godot::Node2D *_body) {
        hide(); // Player disappears after being hit.
        emit_signal("hit");
        // Must be deferred as we can't change physics properties on a physics callback.
        _collision_shape->set_deferred("disabled", true);
    }

Each time an enemy hits the player, the signal is going to be emitted. We need
to disable the player's collision so that we don't trigger the ``hit`` signal
more than once.

.. Note:: Disabling the area's collision shape can cause an error if it happens
          in the middle of the engine's collision processing. Using
          ``set_deferred()`` tells Godot to wait to disable the shape until it's
          safe to do so.

The last piece is to add a function we can call to reset the player when
starting a new game.

.. tabs::
 .. code-tab:: gdscript GDScript

    func start(pos):
        position = pos
        show()
        $CollisionShape2D.disabled = false

 .. code-tab:: csharp

    public void Start(Vector2 position)
    {
        Position = position;
        Show();
        GetNode<CollisionShape2D>("CollisionShape2D").Disabled = false;
    }

 .. code-tab:: cpp

    // This code goes in `player.cpp`.
    void Player::start(const godot::Vector2 p_position) {
        set_position(p_position);
        show();
        _collision_shape->set_disabled(false);
    }

With the player working, we'll work on the enemy in the next lesson.