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- <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
- <HTML
- ><HEAD
- ><script>function PrivoxyWindowOpen(){return(null);}</script><TITLE
- >Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</TITLE
- ><META
- NAME="GENERATOR"
- CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7"></HEAD
- ><BODY
- CLASS="BOOK"
- ><DIV
- CLASS="BOOK"
- ><A
- NAME="AEN1"
- ></A
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TITLEPAGE"
- ><H1
- CLASS="TITLE"
- ><A
- NAME="AEN2"
- >Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</A
- ></H1
- ><H3
- CLASS="CORPAUTHOR"
- >Filesystem Hierarchy Standard Group</H3
- ><H4
- CLASS="EDITEDBY"
- >Edited by</H4
- ><H3
- CLASS="EDITOR"
- >Rusty Russell</H3
- ><H3
- CLASS="EDITOR"
- >Daniel Quinlan</H3
- ><H3
- CLASS="EDITOR"
- >Christopher Yeoh</H3
- ><P
- CLASS="COPYRIGHT"
- >Copyright © 1994-2004 Daniel Quinlan</P
- ><P
- CLASS="COPYRIGHT"
- >Copyright © 2001-2004 Paul 'Rusty' Russell</P
- ><P
- CLASS="COPYRIGHT"
- >Copyright © 2003-2004 Christopher Yeoh</P
- ><DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="ABSTRACT"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN30"
- ></A
- ><P
- >This standard consists of a set of requirements and guidelines for file
- and directory placement under UNIX-like operating systems. The
- guidelines are intended to support interoperability of applications,
- system administration tools, development tools, and scripts as well as
- greater uniformity of documentation for these systems.</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="LEGALNOTICE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN25"
- ></A
- ><P
- >All trademarks and copyrights are owned by their owners, unless
- specifically noted otherwise. Use of a term in this document should not
- be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service
- mark.</P
- ><P
- >Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
- this standard provided the copyright and this permission notice are
- preserved on all copies.</P
- ><P
- >Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
- standard under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that
- the title page is labeled as modified including a reference to the
- original standard, provided that information on retrieving the original
- standard is included, and provided that the entire resulting derived
- work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to
- this one.</P
- ><P
- >Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
- standard into another language, under the above conditions for modified
- versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a
- translation approved by the copyright holder.</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><HR></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TOC"
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><B
- >Table of Contents</B
- ></DT
- ><DT
- >1. <A
- HREF="#INTRODUCTION"
- >Introduction</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#CONVENTIONS"
- >Conventions</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- >2. <A
- HREF="#THEFILESYSTEM"
- >The Filesystem</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- >3. <A
- HREF="#THEROOTFILESYSTEM"
- >The Root Filesystem</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE2"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#REQUIREMENTS"
- >Requirements</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#BINESSENTIALUSERCOMMANDBINARIES"
- >/bin : Essential user command binaries (for use by all users)</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE3"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#REQUIREMENTS2"
- >Requirements</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS2"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#BOOTSTATICFILESOFTHEBOOTLOADER"
- >/boot : Static files of the boot loader</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE4"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS3"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#DEVDEVICEFILES"
- >/dev : Device files</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE5"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS4"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#ETCHOSTSPECIFICSYSTEMCONFIGURATION"
- >/etc : Host-specific system configuration</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE6"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#REQUIREMENTS3"
- >Requirements</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS5"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#ETCOPTCONFIGURATIONFILESFOROPT"
- >/etc/opt : Configuration files for /opt</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#ETCX11CONFIGURATIONFORTHEXWINDOWS"
- >/etc/X11 : Configuration for the X Window System (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#ETCSGMLCONFIGURATIONFILESFORSGMLAN"
- >/etc/sgml : Configuration files for SGML (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#AEN795"
- >/etc/xml : Configuration files for XML (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#HOMEUSERHOMEDIRECTORIES"
- >/home : User home directories (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE10"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#REQUIREMENTS4A"
- >Requirements</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#LIBESSENTIALSHAREDLIBRARIESANDKERN"
- >/lib : Essential shared libraries and kernel modules</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE11"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#REQUIREMENTS5"
- >Requirements</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS7"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#LIBLTQUALGTALTERNATEFORMATESSENTIAL"
- >/lib<qual> : Alternate format essential shared libraries (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE12"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#REQUIREMENTS6"
- >Requirements</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#MEDIAMOUNTPOINT"
- >/media : Mount point for removeable media</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSEMEDIAMOUNTPOINT"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONSMEDIAMOUNT"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#MNTMOUNTPOINTFORATEMPORARILYMOUNT"
- >/mnt : Mount point for a temporarily mounted filesystem</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE13"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#OPTADDONAPPLICATIONSOFTWAREPACKAGES"
- >/opt : Add-on application software packages</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE14"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#REQUIREMENTS7"
- >Requirements</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#ROOTHOMEDIRECTORYFORTHEROOTUSER"
- >/root : Home directory for the root user (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE15"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SBINSYSTEMBINARIES"
- >/sbin : System binaries</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE16"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#REQUIREMENTS8"
- >Requirements</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS8"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SRVDATAFORSERVICESPROVIDEDBYSYSTEM"
- >/srv : Data for services provided by this system</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE16A"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#TMPTEMPORARYFILES"
- >/tmp : Temporary files</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE17"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- >4. <A
- HREF="#THEUSRHIERARCHY"
- >The /usr Hierarchy</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE18"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#REQUIREMENTS9"
- >Requirements</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS9"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#USRX11R6XWINDOWSYSTEMVERSION11REL"
- >/usr/X11R6 : X Window System, Version 11 Release 6 (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE19"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS10"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#USRBINMOSTUSERCOMMANDS"
- >/usr/bin : Most user commands</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE20"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS11"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#USRINCLUDEDIRECTORYFORSTANDARDINCLU"
- >/usr/include : Directory for standard include files.</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE21"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS12"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#USRLIBLIBRARIESFORPROGRAMMINGANDPA"
- >/usr/lib : Libraries for programming and packages</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE22"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS13"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#USRLIBLTQUALGTALTERNATEFORMATLIBRARI"
- >/usr/lib<qual> : Alternate format libraries (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE23"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#USRLOCALLOCALHIERARCHY"
- >/usr/local : Local hierarchy</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#USRLOCALSHARE1"
- >/usr/local/share</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#USRSBINNONESSENTIALSTANDARDSYSTEMBI"
- >/usr/sbin : Non-essential standard system binaries</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE25"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#USRSHAREARCHITECTUREINDEPENDENTDATA"
- >/usr/share : Architecture-independent data</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE26"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#REQUIREMENTS11"
- >Requirements</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS15"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#USRSHAREDICTWORDLISTS"
- >/usr/share/dict : Word lists (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#USRSHAREMANMANUALPAGES"
- >/usr/share/man : Manual pages</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#USRSHAREMISCMISCELLANEOUSARCHITECTURE"
- >/usr/share/misc : Miscellaneous architecture-independent data</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#USRSHARESGMLSGMLANDXMLDATA"
- >/usr/share/sgml : SGML data (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#AEN2007"
- >/usr/share/xml : XML data (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#USRSRCSOURCECODE"
- >/usr/src : Source code (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE30"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- >5. <A
- HREF="#THEVARHIERARCHY"
- >The /var Hierarchy</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE31"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#REQUIREMENTS12"
- >Requirements</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS20"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARACCOUNTPROCESSACCOUNTINGLOGS"
- >/var/account : Process accounting logs (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE32"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARCACHEAPPLICATIONCACHEDATA"
- >/var/cache : Application cache data</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE33"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS21"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARCACHEFONTSLOCALLYGENERATEDFONTS"
- >/var/cache/fonts : Locally-generated fonts (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARCACHEMANLOCALLYFORMATTEDMANUALPAG"
- >/var/cache/man : Locally-formatted manual pages (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARCRASHSYSTEMCRASHDUMPS"
- >/var/crash : System crash dumps (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE36"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARGAMESVARIABLEGAMEDATA"
- >/var/games : Variable game data (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE37"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARLIBVARIABLESTATEINFORMATION"
- >/var/lib : Variable state information</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE38"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#REQUIREMENTS13"
- >Requirements</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS23"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARLIBLTEDITORGTEDITORBACKUPFILESAN"
- >/var/lib/<editor> : Editor backup files and state (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARLIBHWCLOCKSTATEDIRECTORYFORHWCLO"
- >/var/lib/hwclock : State directory for hwclock (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARLIBMISCMISCELLANEOUSVARIABLEDATA"
- >/var/lib/misc : Miscellaneous variable data</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARLOCKLOCKFILES"
- >/var/lock : Lock files</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE42"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARLOGLOGFILESANDDIRECTORIES"
- >/var/log : Log files and directories</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE43"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS24"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARMAILUSERMAILBOXFILES"
- >/var/mail : User mailbox files (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE44"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VAROPTVARIABLEDATAFOROPT"
- >/var/opt : Variable data for /opt</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE45"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARRUNRUNTIMEVARIABLEDATA"
- >/var/run : Run-time variable data</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE46"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#REQUIREMENTS14"
- >Requirements</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARSPOOLAPPLICATIONSPOOLDATA"
- >/var/spool : Application spool data</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE47"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SPECIFICOPTIONS25"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARSPOOLLPDLINEPRINTERDAEMONPRINTQU"
- >/var/spool/lpd : Line-printer daemon print queues (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARSPOOLRWHORWHODFILES"
- >/var/spool/rwho : Rwhod files (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARTMPTEMPORARYFILESPRESERVEDBETWEE"
- >/var/tmp : Temporary files preserved between system reboots</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE50"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARYPNETWORKINFORMATIONSERVICE"
- >/var/yp : Network Information Service (NIS) database files (optional)</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PURPOSE51"
- >Purpose</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- >6. <A
- HREF="#OPERATINGSYSTEMSPECIFICANNEX"
- >Operating System Specific Annex</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#LINUX"
- >Linux</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#ROOTDIRECTORY"
- >/ : Root directory</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#BINESSENTIALUSERCOMMANDBINARIES2"
- >/bin : Essential user command binaries (for use by all users)</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#DEVDEVICESANDSPECIALFILES"
- >/dev : Devices and special files</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#ETCHOSTSPECIFICSYSTEMCONFIGURATION2"
- >/etc : Host-specific system configuration</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#LIB64"
- >/lib64 and /lib32 : 64/32-bit libraries (architecture dependent)</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#PROCKERNELANDPROCESSINFORMATIONVIR"
- >/proc : Kernel and process information virtual filesystem</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SBINESSENTIALSYSTEMBINARIES"
- >/sbin : Essential system binaries</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#USRINCLUDEHEADERFILESINCLUDEDBYCP"
- >/usr/include : Header files included by C programs</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#USRSRCSOURCECODE2"
- >/usr/src : Source code</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#VARSPOOLCRONCRONANDATJOBS"
- >/var/spool/cron : cron and at jobs</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ><DT
- >7. <A
- HREF="#APPENDIX"
- >Appendix</A
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#THEFHSMAILINGLIST"
- >The FHS mailing list</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#BACKGROUNDOFTHEFHS"
- >Background of the FHS</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#GENERALGUIDELINES"
- >General Guidelines</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#SCOPE"
- >Scope</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
- >Acknowledgments</A
- ></DT
- ><DT
- ><A
- HREF="#CONTRIBUTORS"
- >Contributors</A
- ></DT
- ></DL
- ></DD
- ></DL
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="CHAPTER"
- ><HR><H1
- ><A
- NAME="INTRODUCTION"
- ></A
- >Chapter 1. Introduction</H1
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H2
- ><P
- >This standard enables:</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- ><P
- >Software to predict the location of installed files and
- directories, and</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- ><P
- >Users to predict the location of installed files and
- directories.</P
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ><P
- >We do this by:</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- ><P
- >Specifying guiding principles for each area of the filesystem,</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- ><P
- >Specifying the minimum files and directories required,</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- ><P
- >Enumerating exceptions to the principles, and</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- ><P
- >Enumerating specific cases where there has been historical conflict.</P
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ><P
- >The FHS document is used by:</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- ><P
- >Independent software suppliers to create applications which are FHS
- compliant, and work with distributions which are FHS complaint,</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- ><P
- >OS creators to provide systems which are FHS compliant, and</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- ><P
- >Users to understand and maintain the FHS compliance of a system.</P
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ><P
- >The FHS document has a limited scope:</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- ><P
- >Local placement of local files is a local issue, so FHS does not
- attempt to usurp system administrators.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- ><P
- >FHS addresses issues where file placements need to be coordinated
- between multiple parties such as local sites, distributions,
- applications, documentation, etc.</P
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="CONVENTIONS"
- >Conventions</A
- ></H2
- ><P
- >We recommend that you read a typeset version of this document rather
- than the plain text version. In the typeset version, the names of files
- and directories are displayed in a constant-width font.</P
- ><P
- >Components of filenames that vary are represented by a description
- of the contents enclosed in "<SPAN
- CLASS="emphasis"
- ><I
- CLASS="EMPHASIS"
- ><</I
- ></SPAN
- >" and
- "<SPAN
- CLASS="emphasis"
- ><I
- CLASS="EMPHASIS"
- >></I
- ></SPAN
- >" characters, <SPAN
- CLASS="emphasis"
- ><I
- CLASS="EMPHASIS"
- ><thus></I
- ></SPAN
- >. Electronic mail addresses are also
- enclosed in "<" and ">" but are shown in the usual
- typeface.</P
- ><P
- >Optional components of filenames are enclosed in
- "<SPAN
- CLASS="emphasis"
- ><I
- CLASS="EMPHASIS"
- >[</I
- ></SPAN
- >" and "<SPAN
- CLASS="emphasis"
- ><I
- CLASS="EMPHASIS"
- >]</I
- ></SPAN
- >" characters and may
- be combined with the "<SPAN
- CLASS="emphasis"
- ><I
- CLASS="EMPHASIS"
- ><</I
- ></SPAN
- >" and
- "<SPAN
- CLASS="emphasis"
- ><I
- CLASS="EMPHASIS"
- >></I
- ></SPAN
- >" convention. For example, if a filename is
- allowed to occur either with or without an extension, it might be
- represented by
- <SPAN
- CLASS="emphasis"
- ><I
- CLASS="EMPHASIS"
- ><filename>[.<extension>]</I
- ></SPAN
- >.</P
- ><P
- >Variable substrings of directory names and filenames are indicated
- by "<SPAN
- CLASS="emphasis"
- ><I
- CLASS="EMPHASIS"
- >*</I
- ></SPAN
- >".</P
- ><P
- >The sections of the text marked as
- <SPAN
- CLASS="emphasis"
- ><I
- CLASS="EMPHASIS"
- >Rationale</I
- ></SPAN
- > are explanatory and are
- non-normative.</P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="CHAPTER"
- ><HR><H1
- ><A
- NAME="THEFILESYSTEM"
- ></A
- >Chapter 2. The Filesystem</H1
- ><P
- >This standard assumes that the operating system underlying an
- FHS-compliant file system supports the same basic security features
- found in most UNIX filesystems.</P
- ><P
- >It is possible to define two independent distinctions among
- files: shareable vs. unshareable and variable vs. static. In general,
- files that differ in either of these respects should be located in
- different directories. This makes it easy to store files with
- different usage characteristics on different filesystems.</P
- ><P
- >"Shareable" files are those that can be stored on one host
- and used on others. "Unshareable" files are those that are not
- shareable. For example, the files in user home directories are
- shareable whereas device lock files are not.</P
- ><P
- >"Static" files include binaries, libraries, documentation
- files and other files that do not change without system administrator
- intervention. "Variable" files are files that are not static.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >Shareable files can be stored on one host and used on several
- others. Typically, however, not all files in the filesystem
- hierarchy are shareable and so each system has local storage
- containing at least its unshareable files. It is convenient if all
- the files a system requires that are stored on a foreign host can be
- made available by mounting one or a few directories from the foreign
- host.</P
- ><P
- >Static and variable files should be segregated because static
- files, unlike variable files, can be stored on read-only media and
- do not need to be backed up on the same schedule as variable
- files.</P
- ><P
- >Historical UNIX-like filesystem hierarchies contained both
- static and variable files under both <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- >. In order to realize the advantages
- mentioned above, the <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- > hierarchy was
- created and all variable files were transferred from
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > to <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- >.
- Consequently <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > can now be mounted read-only
- (if it is a separate filesystem). Variable files have been
- transferred from <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- > to
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- > over a longer period as technology has
- permitted.</P
- ><P
- >Here is an example of a FHS-compliant system.
- (Other FHS-compliant layouts are possible.)</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN103"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="1"
- FRAME="hsides"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="emphasis"
- ><I
- CLASS="EMPHASIS"
- ></I
- ></SPAN
- ></TH
- ><TH
- >shareable</TH
- ><TH
- >unshareable</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- >static</TD
- ><TD
- >/usr</TD
- ><TD
- >/etc</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- >/opt</TD
- ><TD
- >/boot</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- >variable</TD
- ><TD
- >/var/mail</TD
- ><TD
- >/var/run</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- >/var/spool/news</TD
- ><TD
- >/var/lock</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="CHAPTER"
- ><HR><H1
- ><A
- NAME="THEROOTFILESYSTEM"
- ></A
- >Chapter 3. The Root Filesystem</H1
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE2"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H2
- ><P
- >The contents of the root filesystem must be adequate to boot,
- restore, recover, and/or repair the system.</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >To boot a system, enough must be present on the root partition
- to mount other filesystems. This includes utilities, configuration,
- boot loader information, and other essential start-up data.
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt</TT
- >, and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- > are designed such that they may be located
- on other partitions or filesystems.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >To enable recovery and/or repair of a system, those utilities
- needed by an experienced maintainer to diagnose and reconstruct a
- damaged system must be present on the root filesystem.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >To restore a system, those utilities needed to restore from
- system backups (on floppy, tape, etc.) must be present on the root
- filesystem.</P
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >The primary concern used to balance these considerations, which
- favor placing many things on the root filesystem, is the goal of
- keeping root as small as reasonably possible. For several reasons, it
- is desirable to keep the root filesystem small:</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- ><P
- >It is occasionally mounted from very small media.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- ><P
- >The root filesystem contains many system-specific configuration
- files. Possible examples include a kernel that is specific to the
- system, a specific hostname, etc. This means that the root filesystem
- isn't always shareable between networked systems. Keeping it small on
- servers in networked systems minimizes the amount of lost space for
- areas of unshareable files. It also allows workstations with smaller
- local hard drives.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- ><P
- >While you may have the root filesystem on a large partition, and
- may be able to fill it to your heart's content, there will be people
- with smaller partitions. If you have more files installed, you may
- find incompatibilities with other systems using root filesystems on
- smaller partitions. If you are a developer then you may be turning
- your assumption into a problem for a large number of users.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- ><P
- >Disk errors that corrupt data on the root filesystem are a
- greater problem than errors on any other partition. A small root
- filesystem is less prone to corruption as the result of a system
- crash.</P
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >Applications must never create or require special files or
- subdirectories in the root directory. Other locations in the FHS
- hierarchy provide more than enough flexibility for any package.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >There are several reasons why creating a new subdirectory of
- the root filesystem is prohibited:</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >It demands space on a root partition which the system
- administrator may want kept small and simple for either performance or
- security reasons.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >It evades whatever discipline the system administrator may have
- set up for distributing standard file hierarchies across mountable
- volumes.</P
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ><P
- >Distributions should not create new directories in the root
- hierarchy without extremely careful consideration of the consequences
- including for application portability.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="REQUIREMENTS"
- >Requirements</A
- ></H2
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, are
- required in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/</TT
- >.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN169"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >bin</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Essential command binaries</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >boot</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Static files of the boot loader</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >dev</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Device files</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >etc</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Host-specific system configuration</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >lib</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Essential shared libraries and kernel modules</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >media</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Mount point for removeable media</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >mnt</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Mount point for mounting a filesystem temporarily</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >opt</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Add-on application software packages</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >sbin</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Essential system binaries</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >srv</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Data for services provided by this system</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >tmp</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Temporary files</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >usr</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Secondary hierarchy</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >var</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Variable data</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >Each directory listed above is specified in detail in separate
- subsections below. <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- > each have a complete section in this
- document due to the complexity of those directories.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H2
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
- must be in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/</TT
- >, if the corresponding subsystem is
- installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN235"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >home</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >User home directories (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >lib<qual></TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Alternate format essential shared libraries (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >root</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Home directory for the root user (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >Each directory listed above is specified in detail in separate
- subsections below.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="BINESSENTIALUSERCOMMANDBINARIES"
- >/bin : Essential user command binaries (for use by all users)</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE3"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/bin</TT
- > contains commands that may be used by
- both the system administrator and by users, but which are required
- when no other filesystems are mounted (e.g. in single user mode). It
- may also contain commands which are used indirectly by scripts.
- <A
- NAME="AEN261"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN261"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[1]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="REQUIREMENTS2"
- >Requirements</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >There must be no subdirectories in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/bin</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- >The following commands, or symbolic links to commands, are
- required in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/bin</TT
- >.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN272"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Command</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >cat</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to concatenate files to standard output</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >chgrp</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to change file group ownership</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >chmod</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to change file access permissions</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >chown</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to change file owner and group</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >cp</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to copy files and directories</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >date</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to print or set the system data and time</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >dd</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to convert and copy a file</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >df</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to report filesystem disk space usage</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >dmesg</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to print or control the kernel message buffer</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >echo</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to display a line of text</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >false</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to do nothing, unsuccessfully</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >hostname</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to show or set the system's host name</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >kill</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to send signals to processes</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ln</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to make links between files</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >login</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to begin a session on the system</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ls</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to list directory contents</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >mkdir</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to make directories</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >mknod</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to make block or character special files</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >more</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to page through text</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >mount</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to mount a filesystem</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >mv</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to move/rename files</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ps</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to report process status</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >pwd</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to print name of current working directory</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >rm</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to remove files or directories</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >rmdir</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to remove empty directories</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >sed</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The `sed' stream editor</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >sh</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The Bourne command shell</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >stty</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to change and print terminal line settings</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >su</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to change user ID</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >sync</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to flush filesystem buffers</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >true</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to do nothing, successfully</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >umount</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to unmount file systems</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >uname</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Utility to print system information</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >If <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >/bin/sh</B
- > is not a true Bourne shell, it
- must be a hard or symbolic link to the real shell command.</P
- ><P
- >The <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >[</B
- > and <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >test</B
- >
- commands must be placed together in either <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/bin</TT
- >
- or <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/bin</TT
- >.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >For example bash behaves differently when called as
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >sh</B
- > or <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >bash</B
- >. The use of a
- symbolic link also allows users to easily see that
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >/bin/sh</B
- > is not a true Bourne shell.</P
- ><P
- >The requirement for the <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >[</B
- > and
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >test</B
- > commands to be included as binaries (even if
- implemented internally by the shell) is shared with the POSIX.2
- standard. </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS2"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The following programs, or symbolic links to programs, must be
- in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/bin</TT
- > if the corresponding subsystem is
- installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN431"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Command</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >csh</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The C shell (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ed</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The `ed' editor (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >tar</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The tar archiving utility (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >cpio</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The cpio archiving utility (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >gzip</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The GNU compression utility (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >gunzip</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The GNU uncompression utility (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >zcat</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The GNU uncompression utility (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >netstat</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The network statistics utility (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ping</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The ICMP network test utility (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >If the <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >gunzip</B
- > and <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >zcat</B
- >
- programs exist, they must be symbolic or hard links to
- gzip. <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >/bin/csh</B
- > may be a symbolic link to
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >/bin/tcsh</B
- > or
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >/usr/bin/tcsh</B
- >.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >The tar, gzip and cpio commands have been added to make restoration of a
- system possible (provided that <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/</TT
- > is intact).</P
- ><P
- >Conversely, if no restoration from the root partition is ever
- expected, then these binaries might be omitted (e.g., a ROM chip root,
- mounting <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > through NFS). If restoration of a
- system is planned through the network, then <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ftp</B
- >
- or <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >tftp</B
- > (along with everything necessary to get
- an ftp connection) must be available on the root partition. </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="BOOTSTATICFILESOFTHEBOOTLOADER"
- >/boot : Static files of the boot loader</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE4"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >This directory contains everything required for the boot process
- except configuration files not needed at boot time and the map
- installer. Thus /boot stores data that is used before the kernel
- begins executing user-mode programs. This may include saved master
- boot sectors and sector map files.
- <A
- NAME="AEN493"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN493"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[2]</SPAN
- ></A
- > </P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS3"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The operating system kernel must be located in either
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/</TT
- > or <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/boot</TT
- >.
- <A
- NAME="AEN507"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN507"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[3]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="DEVDEVICEFILES"
- >/dev : Device files</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE5"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/dev</TT
- > directory is the location of
- special or device files.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS4"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >If it is possible that devices in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/dev</TT
- > will
- need to be manually created, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/dev</TT
- > must contain a
- command named <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >MAKEDEV</TT
- >, which can create devices
- as needed. It may also contain a <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >MAKEDEV.local</TT
- >
- for any local devices.</P
- ><P
- >If required, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >MAKEDEV</TT
- > must have provisions
- for creating any device that may be found on the system, not just
- those that a particular implementation installs.</P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="ETCHOSTSPECIFICSYSTEMCONFIGURATION"
- >/etc : Host-specific system configuration</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE6"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- > hierarchy contains configuration
- files. A "configuration file" is a local file used to control the
- operation of a program; it must be static and cannot be an executable
- binary.
- <A
- NAME="AEN534"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN534"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[4]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="REQUIREMENTS3"
- >Requirements</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >No binaries may be located under <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- >.
- <A
- NAME="AEN540"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN540"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[5]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories are
- required in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- >:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN546"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- >opt</TD
- ><TD
- >Configuration for /opt</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- >X11</TD
- ><TD
- >Configuration for the X Window system (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- >sgml</TD
- ><TD
- >Configuration for SGML (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- >xml</TD
- ><TD
- >Configuration for XML (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS5"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories must
- be in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- >, if the corresponding subsystem is
- installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN569"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- >opt</TD
- ><TD
- >Configuration for /opt</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- > if the corresponding subsystem is
- installed:
- <A
- NAME="AEN581"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN581"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[6]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN588"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >File</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >csh.login</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Systemwide initialization file for C shell logins (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >exports</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >NFS filesystem access control list (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >fstab</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Static information about filesystems (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >ftpusers</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >FTP daemon user access control list (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >gateways</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >File which lists gateways for routed (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >gettydefs</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Speed and terminal settings used by getty (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >group</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >User group file (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >host.conf</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Resolver configuration file (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >hosts</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Static information about host names (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >hosts.allow</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Host access file for TCP wrappers (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >hosts.deny</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Host access file for TCP wrappers (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >hosts.equiv</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >List of trusted hosts for rlogin, rsh, rcp (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >hosts.lpd</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >List of trusted hosts for lpd (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >inetd.conf</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Configuration file for inetd (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >inittab</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Configuration file for init (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >issue</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Pre-login message and identification file (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >ld.so.conf</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >List of extra directories to search for shared libraries (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >motd</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Post-login message of the day file (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >mtab</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Dynamic information about filesystems (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >mtools.conf</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Configuration file for mtools (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >networks</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Static information about network names (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >passwd</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The password file (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >printcap</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The lpd printer capability database (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >profile</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Systemwide initialization file for sh shell logins (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >protocols</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >IP protocol listing (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >resolv.conf</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Resolver configuration file (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >rpc</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >RPC protocol listing (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >securetty</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >TTY access control for root login (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >services</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Port names for network services (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >shells</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Pathnames of valid login shells (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >syslog.conf</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Configuration file for syslogd (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >mtab</TT
- > does not fit the static nature of
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- >: it is excepted for historical reasons.
- <A
- NAME="AEN722"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN722"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[7]</SPAN
- ></A
- > </P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="ETCOPTCONFIGURATIONFILESFOROPT"
- >/etc/opt : Configuration files for /opt</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE7"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >Host-specific configuration files for add-on application
- software packages must be installed within the directory
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/opt/<subdir></TT
- >, where
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><subdir></TT
- > is the name of the subtree in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt</TT
- > where the static data from that package is
- stored.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="REQUIREMENTS4"
- >Requirements</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >No structure is imposed on the internal arrangement of
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/opt/<subdir></TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- >If a configuration file must reside in a different location in
- order for the package or system to function properly, it may be placed
- in a location other than
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/opt/<subdir></TT
- >.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >Refer to the rationale for <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt</TT
- >.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="ETCX11CONFIGURATIONFORTHEXWINDOWS"
- >/etc/X11 : Configuration for the X Window System (optional)</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE8"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="emphasis"
- ><I
- CLASS="EMPHASIS"
- >/etc/X11</I
- ></SPAN
- > is the location for all X11
- host-specific configuration. This directory is necessary to allow
- local control if <SPAN
- CLASS="emphasis"
- ><I
- CLASS="EMPHASIS"
- >/usr</I
- ></SPAN
- > is mounted read
- only.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS6"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/X11</TT
- > if the corresponding subsystem is
- installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN754"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL
- WIDTH="1*"
- TITLE="C1"><COL
- WIDTH="1*"
- TITLE="C2"><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >File</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >Xconfig</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The configuration file for early versions of XFree86 (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >XF86Config</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The configuration file for XFree86 versions 3 and 4 (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >Xmodmap</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Global X11 keyboard modification file (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >Subdirectories of <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/X11</TT
- > may include
- those for <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >xdm</TT
- > and for any other programs (some
- window managers, for example) that need them.
- <A
- NAME="AEN778"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN778"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[8]</SPAN
- ></A
- >
- We recommend that window managers with only one configuration file
- which is a default <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >.*wmrc</TT
- > file must name it
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >system.*wmrc</TT
- > (unless there is a widely-accepted
- alternative name) and not use a subdirectory. Any window manager
- subdirectories must be identically named to the actual window manager
- binary.</P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="ETCSGMLCONFIGURATIONFILESFORSGMLAN"
- >/etc/sgml : Configuration files for SGML (optional)</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE9"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >Generic configuration files defining high-level parameters of
- the SGML systems are installed here. Files with names
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >*.conf</TT
- > indicate generic configuration files.
- File with names <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >*.cat</TT
- > are the DTD-specific
- centralized catalogs, containing references to all other catalogs
- needed to use the given DTD. The super catalog file
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >catalog</TT
- > references all the centralized
- catalogs.</P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="AEN795"
- >/etc/xml : Configuration files for XML (optional)</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="AEN797"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >Generic configuration files defining high-level parameters of
- the XML systems are installed here. Files with names
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >*.conf</TT
- > indicate generic configuration files.
- The super catalog file
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >catalog</TT
- > references all the centralized
- catalogs.</P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="HOMEUSERHOMEDIRECTORIES"
- >/home : User home directories (optional)</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE10"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/home</TT
- > is a fairly standard concept, but it
- is clearly a site-specific filesystem.
- <A
- NAME="AEN808"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN808"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[9]</SPAN
- ></A
- >
- The setup will differ from host to host. Therefore, no program should
- rely on this location.
- <A
- NAME="AEN819"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN819"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[10]</SPAN
- ></A
- > </P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="REQUIREMENTS4A"
- >Requirements</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >User specific configuration files for applications are stored in the
- user's home directory in a file that starts with the '.' character (a
- "dot file"). If an application needs to create more than one dot file
- then they should be placed in a subdirectory with a name starting with
- a '.' character, (a "dot directory"). In this case the configuration
- files should not start with the '.' character.
- <A
- NAME="AEN826"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN826"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[11]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="LIBESSENTIALSHAREDLIBRARIESANDKERN"
- >/lib : Essential shared libraries and kernel modules</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE11"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib</TT
- > directory contains those shared
- library images needed to boot the system and run the commands in the
- root filesystem, ie. by binaries in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/bin</TT
- > and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/sbin</TT
- >.
- <A
- NAME="AEN836"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN836"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[12]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="REQUIREMENTS5"
- >Requirements</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >At least one of each of the following filename patterns are
- required (they may be files, or symbolic links):</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN849"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >File</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >libc.so.*</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The dynamically-linked C library (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >ld*</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The execution time linker/loader (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >If a C preprocessor is installed, <SPAN
- CLASS="emphasis"
- ><I
- CLASS="EMPHASIS"
- >/lib/cpp</I
- ></SPAN
- >
- must be a reference to it, for historical reasons.
- <A
- NAME="AEN866"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN866"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[13]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS7"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
- must be in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib</TT
- >, if the corresponding subsystem
- is installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN873"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >modules</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Loadable kernel modules (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="LIBLTQUALGTALTERNATEFORMATESSENTIAL"
- >/lib<qual> : Alternate format essential shared libraries (optional)</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE12"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >There may be one or more variants of the
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib</TT
- > directory on systems which support more than
- one binary format requiring separate libraries.
- <A
- NAME="AEN890"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN890"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[14]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="REQUIREMENTS6"
- >Requirements</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >If one or more of these directories exist, the requirements for
- their contents are the same as the normal <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib</TT
- >
- directory, except that <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib<qual>/cpp</TT
- > is
- not required.
- <A
- NAME="AEN900"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN900"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[15]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="MEDIAMOUNTPOINT"
- >/media : Mount point for removeable media</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSEMEDIAMOUNTPOINT"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >This directory contains subdirectories which are used as mount
- points for removeable media such as floppy disks, cdroms and zip
- disks.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >Historically there have been a number of other different places
- used to mount removeable media such as <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/cdrom</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/mnt</TT
- > or <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/mnt/cdrom</TT
- >. Placing
- the mount points for all removeable media directly in the root
- directory would potentially result in a large number of extra
- directories in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/</TT
- >. Although the use of
- subdirectories in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/mnt</TT
- > as a mount point has
- recently been common, it conflicts with a much older tradition of
- using <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/mnt</TT
- > directly as a temporary mount point.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONSMEDIAMOUNT"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
- must be in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/media</TT
- >, if the corresponding subsystem
- is installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN923"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >floppy</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Floppy drive (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >cdrom</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >CD-ROM drive (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >cdrecorder</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >CD writer (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >zip</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Zip drive (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >On systems where more than one device exists for mounting a
- certain type of media, mount directories can be created by appending a
- digit to the name of those available above starting with '0', but the
- unqualified name must also exist.
- <A
- NAME="AEN947"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN947"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[16]</SPAN
- ></A
- > </P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="MNTMOUNTPOINTFORATEMPORARILYMOUNT"
- >/mnt : Mount point for a temporarily mounted filesystem</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE13"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >This directory is provided so that the system administrator may
- temporarily mount a filesystem as needed. The content of this
- directory is a local issue and should not affect the manner in which
- any program is run.</P
- ><P
- >This directory must not be used by installation programs: a
- suitable temporary directory not in use by the system must be used
- instead.</P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="OPTADDONAPPLICATIONSOFTWAREPACKAGES"
- >/opt : Add-on application software packages</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE14"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt</TT
- > is reserved for the installation of
- add-on application software packages.</P
- ><P
- >A package to be installed in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt</TT
- > must
- locate its static files in a separate
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/<package></TT
- > or
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/<provider></TT
- > directory
- tree, where <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><package></TT
- > is a name that
- describes the software package and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><provider></TT
- > is the provider's LANANA
- registered name.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="REQUIREMENTS7"
- >Requirements</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN972"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><package></TD
- ><TD
- >Static package objects</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><provider></TD
- ><TD
- >LANANA registered provider name</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >The directories <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/bin</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/doc</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/include</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/info</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/lib</TT
- >, and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/man</TT
- > are reserved for local system
- administrator use. Packages may provide "front-end" files intended to
- be placed in (by linking or copying) these reserved directories by the
- local system administrator, but must function normally in the absence
- of these reserved directories.</P
- ><P
- >Programs to be invoked by users must be located in the directory
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/<package>/bin</TT
- > or under the
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/<provider></TT
- > hierarchy. If the package
- includes UNIX manual pages, they must be located in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/<package>/share/man</TT
- > or under the
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/<provider></TT
- > hierarchy, and the same
- substructure as <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/man</TT
- > must be
- used.</P
- ><P
- >Package files that are variable (change in normal operation)
- must be installed in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/opt</TT
- >. See the section
- on <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/opt</TT
- > for more information.</P
- ><P
- >Host-specific configuration files must be installed in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/opt</TT
- >. See the section on
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- > for more information.</P
- ><P
- >No other package files may exist outside the
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/opt</TT
- >, and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/opt</TT
- > hierarchies except for those package
- files that must reside in specific locations within the filesystem
- tree in order to function properly. For example, device lock files
- must be placed in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lock</TT
- > and devices must be
- located in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/dev</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- >Distributions may install software in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt</TT
- >,
- but must not modify or delete software installed by the local system
- administrator without the assent of the local system
- administrator.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >The use of <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt</TT
- > for add-on software is a
- well-established practice in the UNIX community. The System V
- Application Binary Interface [AT&T 1990], based on the System V
- Interface Definition (Third Edition), provides for an
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt</TT
- > structure very similar to the one defined
- here.</P
- ><P
- >The Intel Binary Compatibility Standard v. 2 (iBCS2) also
- provides a similar structure for <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- >Generally, all data required to support a package on a system
- must be present within <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/<package></TT
- >,
- including files intended to be copied into
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/opt/<package></TT
- > and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/opt/<package></TT
- > as well as reserved
- directories in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- >The minor restrictions on distributions using
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt</TT
- > are necessary because conflicts are possible
- between distribution-installed and locally-installed software,
- especially in the case of fixed pathnames found in some binary
- software.</P
- ><P
- >The structure of the directories below
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/<provider></TT
- > is left up to the packager
- of the software, though it is recommended that packages are installed
- in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/<provider>/<package></TT
- > and
- follow a similar structure to the guidelines for
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/package</TT
- >. A valid reason for diverging from
- this structure is for support packages which may have files installed
- in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/<provider>/lib</TT
- > or
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt/<provider>/bin</TT
- >.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="ROOTHOMEDIRECTORYFORTHEROOTUSER"
- >/root : Home directory for the root user (optional)</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE15"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The root account's home directory may be determined by developer
- or local preference, but this is the recommended default
- location.
- <A
- NAME="AEN1037"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1037"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[17]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SBINSYSTEMBINARIES"
- >/sbin : System binaries</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE16"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >Utilities used for system administration (and other root-only
- commands) are stored in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/sbin</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/sbin</TT
- >, and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local/sbin</TT
- >. <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/sbin</TT
- >
- contains binaries essential for booting, restoring, recovering, and/or
- repairing the system in addition to the binaries in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/bin</TT
- >.
- <A
- NAME="AEN1051"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1051"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[18]</SPAN
- ></A
- > Programs executed after
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > is known to be mounted (when there are no
- problems) are generally placed into <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/sbin</TT
- >.
- Locally-installed system administration programs should be placed into
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local/sbin</TT
- >.
- <A
- NAME="AEN1058"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1058"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[19]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="REQUIREMENTS8"
- >Requirements</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The following commands, or symbolic links to commands, are
- required in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/sbin</TT
- >.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN1077"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Command</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >shutdown</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Command to bring the system down.</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS8"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/sbin</TT
- > if the corresponding subsystem is
- installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN1092"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL
- WIDTH="1*"
- TITLE="C1"><COL
- WIDTH="1*"
- TITLE="C2"><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Command</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >fastboot</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Reboot the system without checking the disks (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >fasthalt</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Stop the system without checking the disks (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >fdisk</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Partition table manipulator (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >fsck</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >File system check and repair utility (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >fsck.*</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >File system check and repair utility for a specific filesystem (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >getty</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The getty program (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >halt</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Command to stop the system (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >ifconfig</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Configure a network interface (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >init</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Initial process (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >mkfs</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Command to build a filesystem (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >mkfs.*</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Command to build a specific filesystem (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >mkswap</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Command to set up a swap area (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >reboot</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Command to reboot the system (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >route</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >IP routing table utility (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >swapon</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Enable paging and swapping (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >swapoff</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Disable paging and swapping (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >update</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Daemon to periodically flush filesystem buffers (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SRVDATAFORSERVICESPROVIDEDBYSYSTEM"
- >/srv : Data for services provided by this system</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE16A"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/srv</TT
- > contains site-specific data which is
- served by this system.
- <DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >This main purpose of specifying this is so that users may find the
- location of the data files for particular service, and so that
- services which require a single tree for readonly data, writable data
- and scripts (such as cgi scripts) can be reasonably placed. Data that
- is only of interest to a specific user should go in that users' home
- directory.</P
- ><P
- >The methodology used to name subdirectories of
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/srv</TT
- > is unspecified as there is currently no
- consensus on how this should be done. One method for structuring data
- under <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/srv</TT
- > is by protocol,
- eg. <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >ftp</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >rsync</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >www</TT
- >, and <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >cvs</TT
- >. On large
- systems it can be useful to structure <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/srv</TT
- > by
- administrative context, such as <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/srv/physics/www</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/srv/compsci/cvs</TT
- >, etc. This setup will differ
- from host to host. Therefore, no program should rely on a specific
- subdirectory structure of <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/srv</TT
- > existing or data
- necessarily being stored in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/srv</TT
- >. However
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/srv</TT
- > should always exist on FHS compliant systems
- and should be used as the default location for such data.</P
- ><P
- >Distributions must take care not to remove locally placed files in
- these directories without administrator permission.
- <A
- NAME="AEN1192"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1192"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[20]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- > </P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="TMPTEMPORARYFILES"
- >/tmp : Temporary files</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE17"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/tmp</TT
- > directory must be made available
- for programs that require temporary files.</P
- ><P
- >Programs must not assume that any files or directories in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/tmp</TT
- > are preserved between invocations of the
- program.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >IEEE standard P1003.2 (POSIX, part 2) makes requirements that
- are similar to the above section.</P
- ><P
- >Although data stored in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/tmp</TT
- > may be deleted
- in a site-specific manner, it is recommended that files and
- directories located in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/tmp</TT
- > be deleted whenever
- the system is booted.</P
- ><P
- >FHS added this recommendation on the basis of historical
- precedent and common practice, but did not make it a requirement
- because system administration is not within the scope of this
- standard. </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="CHAPTER"
- ><HR><H1
- ><A
- NAME="THEUSRHIERARCHY"
- ></A
- >Chapter 4. The /usr Hierarchy</H1
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE18"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H2
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > is the second major section of the
- filesystem. <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > is shareable, read-only data.
- That means that <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > should be shareable between
- various FHS-compliant hosts and must not be written to. Any
- information that is host-specific or varies with time is stored
- elsewhere.</P
- ><P
- >Large software packages must not use a direct subdirectory under
- the <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > hierarchy.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="REQUIREMENTS9"
- >Requirements</A
- ></H2
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, are
- required in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- >.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN1223"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >bin</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Most user commands</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >include</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Header files included by C programs</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >lib</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Libraries</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >local</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Local hierarchy (empty after main installation)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >sbin</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Non-vital system binaries</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >share</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Architecture-independent data</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS9"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN1256"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >X11R6</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >XWindow System, version 11 release 6 (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >games</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Games and educational binaries (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >lib<qual></TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Alternate Format Libraries (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >src</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Source code (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >An exception is made for the X Window System because of
- considerable precedent and widely-accepted practice.</P
- ><P
- >The following symbolic links to directories may be present. This
- possibility is based on the need to preserve compatibility with older
- systems until all implementations can be assumed to use the
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- > hierarchy.</P
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
- WIDTH="100%"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><PRE
- CLASS="SCREEN"
- > /usr/spool -> /var/spool
- /usr/tmp -> /var/tmp
- /usr/spool/locks -> /var/lock</PRE
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- >Once a system no longer requires any one of the above symbolic links,
- the link may be removed, if desired.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="USRX11R6XWINDOWSYSTEMVERSION11REL"
- >/usr/X11R6 : X Window System, Version 11 Release 6 (optional)</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE19"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >This hierarchy is reserved for the X Window System, version 11
- release 6, and related files.</P
- ><P
- >To simplify matters and make XFree86 more compatible with the X
- Window System on other systems, the following symbolic links must be
- present if <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/X11R6</TT
- > exists:</P
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
- WIDTH="100%"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><PRE
- CLASS="SCREEN"
- > /usr/bin/X11 -> /usr/X11R6/bin
- /usr/lib/X11 -> /usr/X11R6/lib/X11
- /usr/include/X11 -> /usr/X11R6/include/X11</PRE
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- >In general, software must not be installed or managed via the above
- symbolic links. They are intended for utilization by users only. The
- difficulty is related to the release version of the X Window System —
- in transitional periods, it is impossible to know what release of X11 is
- in use.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS10"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >Host-specific data in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/X11R6/lib/X11</TT
- > should be interpreted
- as a demonstration file. Applications requiring information about the
- current host must reference a configuration file in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/X11</TT
- >,
- which may be linked to a file in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/X11R6/lib</TT
- >.
- <A
- NAME="AEN1299"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1299"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[21]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="USRBINMOSTUSERCOMMANDS"
- >/usr/bin : Most user commands</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE20"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >This is the primary directory of executable commands on the
- system.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS11"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
- must be in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/bin</TT
- >, if the corresponding
- subsystem is installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN1313"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >mh</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Commands for the MH mail handling system (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/bin/X11</TT
- > must be a symlink to
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/X11R6/bin</TT
- > if the latter exists.</P
- ><P
- >The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/bin</TT
- >, if the corresponding subsystem is
- installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN1329"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Command</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >perl</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The Practical Extraction and Report Language (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >python</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >The Python interpreted language (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >tclsh</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Simple shell containing Tcl interpreter (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >wish</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Simple Tcl/Tk windowing shell (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >expect</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Program for interactive dialog (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >Because shell script interpreters (invoked with
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >#!<path></TT
- > on the first line of a shell
- script) cannot rely on a path, it is advantageous to standardize their
- locations. The Bourne shell and C-shell interpreters are already
- fixed in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/bin</TT
- >, but Perl, Python, and Tcl are
- often found in many different places. They may be symlinks to the
- physical location of the shell interpreters. </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="USRINCLUDEDIRECTORYFORSTANDARDINCLU"
- >/usr/include : Directory for standard include files.</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE21"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >This is where all of the system's general-use include files for the C
- programming language should be placed.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS12"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
- must be in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/include</TT
- >, if the corresponding
- subsystem is installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN1370"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- >bsd</TD
- ><TD
- >BSD compatibility include files (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >The symbolic link <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/include/X11</TT
- > must
- link to <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/X11R6/include/X11</TT
- > if the latter
- exists.</P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="USRLIBLIBRARIESFORPROGRAMMINGANDPA"
- >/usr/lib : Libraries for programming and packages</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE22"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib</TT
- > includes object files, libraries,
- and internal binaries that are not intended to be executed directly by
- users or shell scripts.
- <A
- NAME="AEN1389"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1389"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[22]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ><P
- >Applications may use a single subdirectory under
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib</TT
- >. If an application uses a subdirectory,
- all architecture-dependent data exclusively used by the application
- must be placed within that subdirectory.
- <A
- NAME="AEN1394"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1394"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[23]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS13"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >For historical reasons, <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >/usr/lib/sendmail</B
- >
- must be a symbolic link to <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >/usr/sbin/sendmail</B
- > if
- the latter exists.
- <A
- NAME="AEN1402"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1402"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[24]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ><P
- >If <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib/X11</TT
- > exists,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib/X11</TT
- > must be a symbolic link to
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib/X11</TT
- >, or to whatever
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib/X11</TT
- > is a symbolic link to.
- <A
- NAME="AEN1418"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1418"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[25]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="USRLIBLTQUALGTALTERNATEFORMATLIBRARI"
- >/usr/lib<qual> : Alternate format libraries (optional)</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE23"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib<qual></TT
- > performs the same role as <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib</TT
- > for an
- alternate binary format, except that the symbolic links
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib<qual>/sendmail</TT
- > and <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib<qual>/X11</TT
- > are not required.
- <A
- NAME="AEN1435"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1435"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[26]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="USRLOCALLOCALHIERARCHY"
- >/usr/local : Local hierarchy</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE24"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >The <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local</TT
- > hierarchy is for use by the
- system administrator when installing software locally. It needs to be
- safe from being overwritten when the system software is updated. It
- may be used for programs and data that are shareable amongst a group
- of hosts, but not found in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- >Locally installed software must be placed within
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local</TT
- > rather than <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- >
- unless it is being installed to replace or upgrade software in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- >.
- <A
- NAME="AEN1450"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1450"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[27]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="REQUIREMENTS10"
- >Requirements</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
- must be in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local</TT
- ></P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN1460"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >bin</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Local binaries</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >etc</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Host-specific system configuration for local binaries</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >games</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Local game binaries</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >include</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Local C header files</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >lib</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Local libraries</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Local online manuals</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >sbin</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Local system binaries</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >share</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Local architecture-independent hierarchy</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >src</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Local source code</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >No other directories, except those listed below, may be in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local</TT
- > after first installing a FHS-compliant
- system.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS14"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >If directories <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib<qual></TT
- > or
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib<qual></TT
- > exist, the equivalent
- directories must also exist in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local/etc</TT
- > may be a symbolic link to
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/local</TT
- >.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >The consistency of <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local/etc</TT
- > is
- beneficial to installers, and is already used in other systems. As
- all of <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local</TT
- > needs to be backed up to
- reproduce a system, it introduces no additional maintenance overhead,
- but a symlink to <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/local</TT
- > is suitable if
- systems want alltheir configuration under one hierarchy.</P
- ><P
- >Note that <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/etc</TT
- > is still not allowed: programs
- in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > should place configuration files in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- >.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="USRLOCALSHARE1"
- >/usr/local/share</A
- ></H2
- ><P
- >The requirements for the contents of this directory are the same
- as <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share</TT
- >. The only additional constraint is
- that <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local/share/man</TT
- > and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local/man</TT
- > directories must be synonomous
- (usually this means that one of them must be a symbolic link).
- <A
- NAME="AEN1530"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1530"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[28]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="USRSBINNONESSENTIALSTANDARDSYSTEMBI"
- >/usr/sbin : Non-essential standard system binaries</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE25"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >This directory contains any non-essential binaries used
- exclusively by the system administrator. System administration
- programs that are required for system repair, system recovery,
- mounting <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- >, or other essential functions must
- be placed in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/sbin</TT
- > instead.
- <A
- NAME="AEN1540"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1540"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[29]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="USRSHAREARCHITECTUREINDEPENDENTDATA"
- >/usr/share : Architecture-independent data</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE26"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share</TT
- > hierarchy is for all
- read-only architecture independent data files.
- <A
- NAME="AEN1550"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1550"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[30]</SPAN
- ></A
- > </P
- ><P
- >This hierarchy is intended to be shareable among all
- architecture platforms of a given OS; thus, for example, a site with
- i386, Alpha, and PPC platforms might maintain a single
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share</TT
- > directory that is centrally-mounted.
- Note, however, that <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share</TT
- > is generally not
- intended to be shared by different OSes or by different releases of
- the same OS.</P
- ><P
- >Any program or package which contains or requires data that
- doesn't need to be modified should store that data in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share</TT
- > (or
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local/share</TT
- >, if installed locally). It is
- recommended that a subdirectory be used in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share</TT
- > for this purpose.</P
- ><P
- >Game data stored in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/games</TT
- > must
- be purely static data. Any modifiable files, such as score files,
- game play logs, and so forth, should be placed in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/games</TT
- >.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="REQUIREMENTS11"
- >Requirements</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
- must be in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share</TT
- ></P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN1573"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Online manuals</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >misc</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Miscellaneous architecture-independent data</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS15"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, must be in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share</TT
- >, if the corresponding
- subsystem is installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN1592"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >dict</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Word lists (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >doc</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Miscellaneous documentation (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >games</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Static data files for /usr/games (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >info</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >GNU Info system s primary directory (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >locale</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Locale information (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >nls</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Message catalogs for Native language support (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >sgml</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >SGML data (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >terminfo</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Directories for terminfo database (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >tmac</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >troff macros not distributed with groff (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >xml</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >XML data (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >zoneinfo</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Timezone information and configuration (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >It is recommended that application-specific,
- architecture-independent directories be placed here. Such directories
- include <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >groff</B
- >, <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >perl</B
- >,
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ghostscript</B
- >, <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >texmf</B
- >, and
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >kbd</B
- > (Linux) or <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >syscons</B
- >
- (BSD). They may, however, be placed in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib</TT
- >
- for backwards compatibility, at the distributor's discretion.
- Similarly, a <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib/games</TT
- > hierarchy may be used
- in addition to the <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/games</TT
- > hierarchy if
- the distributor wishes to place some game data there.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="USRSHAREDICTWORDLISTS"
- >/usr/share/dict : Word lists (optional)</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE27"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >This directory is the home for word lists on the system;
- Traditionally this directory contains only the English
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >words</TT
- > file, which is used by
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >look(1)</B
- > and various spelling programs.
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >words</TT
- > may use either American or British
- spelling.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >The reason that only word lists are located here is that they
- are the only files common to all spell checkers.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS16"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/dict</TT
- >, if the corresponding subsystem
- is installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN1668"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >File</TT
- ></TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >words</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >List of English words (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >Sites that require both American and British spelling may link
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >words</TT
- > to
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >­/usr/share/dict/american-english</TT
- > or
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >­/usr/share/dict/british-english</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- >Word lists for other languages may be added using the English
- name for that language, e.g.,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/dict/french</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/dict/danish</TT
- >, etc. These should, if
- possible, use an ISO 8859 character set which is appropriate for the
- language in question; if possible the Latin1 (ISO 8859-1) character
- set should be used (this is often not possible).</P
- ><P
- >Other word lists must be included here, if present.</P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="USRSHAREMANMANUALPAGES"
- >/usr/share/man : Manual pages</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE28"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >This section details the organization for manual pages
- throughout the system, including <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/man</TT
- >.
- Also refer to the section on
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache/man</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- >The primary <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><mandir></TT
- > of the system is
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/man</TT
- >.
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/man</TT
- > contains manual information for
- commands and data under the <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/</TT
- > and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > filesystems.
- <A
- NAME="AEN1701"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1701"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[31]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ><P
- >Manual pages are stored in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><mandir>/<locale>/man<section>/<arch></TT
- >.
- An explanation of <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><mandir></TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><locale></TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><section></TT
- >, and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><arch></TT
- > is given below.</P
- ><P
- >A description of each section follows:</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man1</TT
- >: User programs
- Manual pages that describe publicly accessible commands are contained in
- this chapter. Most program documentation that a user will need to use
- is located here.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man2</TT
- >: System calls
- This section describes all of the system calls (requests for the
- kernel to perform operations).</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man3</TT
- >: Library functions and subroutines
- Section 3 describes program library routines that are not direct calls
- to kernel services. This and chapter 2 are only really of interest to
- programmers.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man4</TT
- >: Special files
- Section 4 describes the special files, related driver functions, and
- networking support available in the system. Typically, this includes
- the device files found in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/dev</TT
- > and the kernel interface to
- networking protocol support.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man5</TT
- >: File formats
- The formats for many data files are documented in the
- section 5. This includes various include files, program output files,
- and system files.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man6</TT
- >: Games
- This chapter documents games, demos, and generally trivial programs.
- Different people have various notions about how essential this is.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man7</TT
- >: Miscellaneous
- Manual pages that are difficult to classify are designated as being
- section 7. The troff and other text processing macro packages are found
- here.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man8</TT
- >: System administration
- Programs used by system administrators for system operation and
- maintenance are documented here. Some of these programs are also
- occasionally useful for normal users.</P
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS17"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
- must be in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/<mandir>/<locale></TT
- >, unless
- they are empty:
- <A
- NAME="AEN1741"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1741"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[32]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN1745"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man1</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >User programs (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man2</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >System calls (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man3</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Library calls (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man4</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Special files (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man5</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >File formats (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man6</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Games (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man7</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Miscellaneous (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man8</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >System administration (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >The component <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><section></TT
- > describes the
- manual section.</P
- ><P
- >Provisions must be made in the structure of
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/man</TT
- > to support manual pages which are
- written in different (or multiple) languages. These provisions must
- take into account the storage and reference of these manual pages.
- Relevant factors include language (including geographical-based
- differences), and character code set.</P
- ><P
- >This naming of language subdirectories of
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/man</TT
- > is based on Appendix E of the
- POSIX 1003.1 standard which describes the locale identification string
- — the most well-accepted method to describe a cultural
- environment. The <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><locale></TT
- > string
- is:</P
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><language>[_<territory>][.<character-set>][,<version>]</TT
- ></P
- ><P
- >The <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><language></TT
- > field must be taken
- from ISO 639 (a code for the representation of names of languages).
- It must be two characters wide and specified with lowercase letters
- only.</P
- ><P
- >The <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><territory></TT
- > field must be the
- two-letter code of ISO 3166 (a specification of representations of
- countries), if possible. (Most people are familiar with the
- two-letter codes used for the country codes in email addresses.) It
- must be two characters wide and specified with uppercase letters
- only.
- <A
- NAME="AEN1797"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1797"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[33]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ><P
- >The <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><character-set></TT
- > field must
- represent the standard describing the character set. If the
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >­<character-set></TT
- > field is just a
- numeric specification, the number represents the number of the
- international standard describing the character set. It is
- recommended that this be a numeric representation if possible (ISO
- standards, especially), not include additional punctuation symbols,
- and that any letters be in lowercase.</P
- ><P
- >A parameter specifying a <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><version></TT
- > of
- the profile may be placed after the
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >­<character-set></TT
- > field, delimited by a
- comma. This may be used to discriminate between different cultural
- needs; for instance, dictionary order versus a more systems-oriented
- collating order. This standard recommends not using the
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><version></TT
- > field, unless it is
- necessary.</P
- ><P
- >Systems which use a unique language and code set for all manual
- pages may omit the <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><locale></TT
- > substring and
- store all manual pages in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><mandir></TT
- >. For
- example, systems which only have English manual pages coded with
- ASCII, may store manual pages (the
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man<section></TT
- > directories) directly in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/man</TT
- >. (That is the traditional
- circumstance and arrangement, in fact.)</P
- ><P
- >Countries for which there is a well-accepted standard character
- code set may omit the <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >­<character-set></TT
- >
- field, but it is strongly recommended that it be included, especially
- for countries with several competing standards.</P
- ><P
- >Various examples:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN1814"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL
- WIDTH="1*"
- TITLE="C1"><COL
- WIDTH="1*"
- TITLE="C2"><COL
- WIDTH="1*"
- TITLE="C3"><COL
- WIDTH="1*"
- TITLE="C4"><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Language</TH
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Territory</TH
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Character Set</TH
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Directory</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >English</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >—</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >ASCII</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >/usr/share/man/en</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >English</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >United Kingdom</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >ISO 8859-15</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >/usr/share/man/en_GB</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >English</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >United States</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >ASCII</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >/usr/share/man/en_US</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >French</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Canada</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >ISO 8859-1</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >/usr/share/man/fr_CA</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >French</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >France</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >ISO 8859-1</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >/usr/share/man/fr_FR</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >German</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Germany</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >ISO 646</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >/usr/share/man/de_DE.646</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >German</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Germany</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >ISO 6937</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >/usr/share/man/de_DE.6937</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >German</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Germany</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >ISO 8859-1</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >/usr/share/man/de_DE.88591</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >German</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Switzerland</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >ISO 646</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >/usr/share/man/de_CH.646</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Japanese</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Japan</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >JIS</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >/usr/share/man/ja_JP.jis</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Japanese</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Japan</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >SJIS</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >/usr/share/man/ja_JP.sjis</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Japanese</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Japan</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >UJIS (or EUC-J)</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >/usr/share/man/ja_JP.ujis</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >Similarly, provision must be made for manual pages which are
- architecture-dependent, such as documentation on device-drivers or
- low-level system administration commands. These must be placed under
- an <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><arch></TT
- > directory in the appropriate
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man<section></TT
- > directory; for example, a man
- page for the i386 ctrlaltdel(8) command might be placed in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/man/<locale>/man8/i386/ctrlaltdel.8</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- >Manual pages for commands and data under
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local</TT
- > are stored in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local/man</TT
- >. Manual pages for X11R6 are
- stored in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/X11R6/man</TT
- >. It follows that all
- manual page hierarchies in the system must have the same structure as
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/man</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- >The cat page sections (<TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >cat<section></TT
- >)
- containing formatted manual page entries are also found within
- subdirectories of <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><mandir>/<locale></TT
- >,
- but are not required nor may they be distributed in lieu of nroff
- source manual pages.</P
- ><P
- >The numbered sections "1" through "8" are traditionally defined.
- In general, the file name for manual pages located within a particular
- section end with <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >.<section></TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- >In addition, some large sets of application-specific manual
- pages have an additional suffix appended to the manual page filename.
- For example, the MH mail handling system manual pages must have
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >mh</TT
- > appended to all MH manuals. All X Window
- System manual pages must have an <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >x</TT
- > appended to
- the filename.</P
- ><P
- >The practice of placing various language manual pages in
- appropriate subdirectories of <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/man</TT
- > also
- applies to the other manual page hierarchies, such as
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local/man</TT
- > and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/X11R6/man</TT
- >. (This portion of the standard
- also applies later in the section on the optional
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache/man</TT
- > structure.)</P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="USRSHAREMISCMISCELLANEOUSARCHITECTURE"
- >/usr/share/misc : Miscellaneous architecture-independent data</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >This directory contains miscellaneous architecture-independent
- files which don't require a separate subdirectory under
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share</TT
- >.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS18"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/misc</TT
- >, if the corresponding subsystem
- is installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN1917"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL
- WIDTH="1*"
- TITLE="C1"><COL
- WIDTH="1*"
- TITLE="C2"><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >File</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >ascii</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >ASCII character set table (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >magic</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Default list of magic numbers for the file command (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >termcap</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Terminal capability database (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >termcap.db</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Terminal capability database (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >Other (application-specific) files may appear here, but a distributor
- may place them in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib</TT
- > at their discretion.
- <A
- NAME="AEN1944"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN1944"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[34]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="USRSHARESGMLSGMLANDXMLDATA"
- >/usr/share/sgml : SGML data (optional)</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE29"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/sgml</TT
- > contains
- architecture-independent files used by SGML applications, such
- as ordinary catalogs (not the centralized ones, see
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/sgml</TT
- >), DTDs, entities, or style
- sheets.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS19"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
- must be in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/sgml</TT
- >, if the corresponding
- subsystem is installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN1983"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >docbook</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >docbook DTD (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >tei</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >tei DTD (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >html</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >html DTD (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >mathml</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >mathml DTD (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >Other files that are not specific to a given DTD may reside in
- their own subdirectory.</P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="AEN2007"
- >/usr/share/xml : XML data (optional)</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="AEN2009"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/xml</TT
- > contains
- architecture-independent files used by XML applications, such
- as ordinary catalogs (not the centralized ones, see
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/sgml</TT
- >), DTDs, entities, or style
- sheets.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="AEN2014"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
- must be in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/xml</TT
- >, if the corresponding
- subsystem is installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN2018"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >docbook</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >docbook XML DTD (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >xhtml</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >XHTML DTD (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >mathml</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >MathML DTD (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="USRSRCSOURCECODE"
- >/usr/src : Source code (optional)</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE30"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >Source code may be place placed in this
- subdirectory, only for reference purposes.
- <A
- NAME="AEN2042"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN2042"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[35]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="CHAPTER"
- ><HR><H1
- ><A
- NAME="THEVARHIERARCHY"
- ></A
- >Chapter 5. The /var Hierarchy</H1
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE31"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H2
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- > contains variable data files. This
- includes spool directories and files, administrative and logging data,
- and transient and temporary files.</P
- ><P
- >Some portions of <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- > are not shareable
- between different systems. For instance,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/log</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lock</TT
- >, and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/run</TT
- >. Other portions may be shared, notably
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/mail</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache/man</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache/fonts</TT
- >, and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/spool/news</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- > is specified here in order to make it
- possible to mount <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > read-only. Everything
- that once went into <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > that is written to
- during system operation (as opposed to installation and software
- maintenance) must be in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- >If <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- > cannot be made a separate
- partition, it is often preferable to move <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- >
- out of the root partition and into the <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- >
- partition. (This is sometimes done to reduce the size of the root
- partition or when space runs low in the root partition.) However,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- > must not be linked to
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > because this makes separation of
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > and <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- > more difficult
- and is likely to create a naming conflict. Instead, link
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- > to <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/var</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- >Applications must generally not add directories to the top level
- of <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- >. Such directories should only be added
- if they have some system-wide implication, and in consultation with
- the FHS mailing list.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="REQUIREMENTS12"
- >Requirements</A
- ></H2
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, are
- required in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- >.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN2080"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >cache</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Application cache data</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >lib</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Variable state information</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >local</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Variable data for /usr/local</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >lock</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Lock files</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >log</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Log files and directories</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >opt</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Variable data for /opt</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >run</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Data relevant to running processes</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >spool</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Application spool data</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >tmp</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Temporary files preserved between system reboots</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><P
- >Several directories are `reserved' in the sense that they must
- not be used arbitrarily by some new application, since they would
- conflict with historical and/or local practice. They are:</P
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
- WIDTH="100%"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><PRE
- CLASS="SCREEN"
- > /var/backups
- /var/cron
- /var/msgs
- /var/preserve</PRE
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS20"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H2
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
- must be in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- >, if the corresponding subsystem
- is installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN2129"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >account</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Process accounting logs (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >crash</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >System crash dumps (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >games</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Variable game data (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >mail</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >User mailbox files (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >yp</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Network Information Service (NIS) database files (optional)
- </TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARACCOUNTPROCESSACCOUNTINGLOGS"
- >/var/account : Process accounting logs (optional)</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE32"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >This directory holds the current active process accounting log
- and the composite process usage data (as used in some UNIX-like
- systems by <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >lastcomm</B
- > and
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >sa</B
- >).</P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARCACHEAPPLICATIONCACHEDATA"
- >/var/cache : Application cache data</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE33"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache</TT
- > is intended for cached data from
- applications. Such data is locally generated as a result of
- time-consuming I/O or calculation. The application must be able to
- regenerate or restore the data. Unlike
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/spool</TT
- >, the cached files can be deleted
- without data loss. The data must remain valid between invocations of
- the application and rebooting the system.</P
- ><P
- >Files located under <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache</TT
- > may be
- expired in an application specific manner, by the system
- administrator, or both. The application must always be able to
- recover from manual deletion of these files (generally because of a
- disk space shortage). No other requirements are made on the data
- format of the cache directories.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >The existence of a separate directory for cached data allows
- system administrators to set different disk and backup policies from
- other directories in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var</TT
- >. </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS21"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN2178"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >fonts</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Locally-generated fonts (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Locally-formatted manual pages (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >www</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >WWW proxy or cache data (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><package></TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Package specific cache data (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARCACHEFONTSLOCALLYGENERATEDFONTS"
- >/var/cache/fonts : Locally-generated fonts (optional)</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE34"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >The directory <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache/fonts</TT
- > should be used to store any
- dynamically-created fonts. In particular, all of the fonts which are
- automatically generated by <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >mktexpk</B
- > must be located in
- appropriately-named subdirectories of <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache/fonts</TT
- >.
- <A
- NAME="AEN2209"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN2209"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[36]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS22"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >Other dynamically created fonts may also be placed in this tree,
- under appropriately-named subdirectories of
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache/fonts</TT
- >.</P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARCACHEMANLOCALLYFORMATTEDMANUALPAG"
- >/var/cache/man : Locally-formatted manual pages (optional)</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE35"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >This directory provides a standard location for sites that provide a
- read-only <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > partition, but wish to allow caching of
- locally-formatted man pages. Sites that mount <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > as writable
- (e.g., single-user installations) may choose not to use
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache/man</TT
- > and may write formatted man pages into the
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >cat<section></TT
- > directories in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/man</TT
- > directly. We
- recommend that most sites use one of the following options instead:</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >Preformat all manual pages alongside the unformatted versions.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >Allow no caching of formatted man pages, and require formatting to be
- done each time a man page is brought up.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >Allow local caching of formatted man pages in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache/man</TT
- >.</P
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ><P
- >The structure of <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache/man</TT
- > needs to
- reflect both the fact of multiple man page hierarchies and the
- possibility of multiple language support.</P
- ><P
- >Given an unformatted manual page that normally appears in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><path>/man/<locale>/man<section></TT
- >,
- the directory to place formatted man pages in is
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache/man/<catpath>/<locale>/cat<section></TT
- >,
- where <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><catpath></TT
- > is derived from
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><path></TT
- > by removing any leading
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >usr</TT
- > and/or trailing <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >share</TT
- >
- pathname components. (Note that the
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><locale></TT
- > component may be missing.)
- <A
- NAME="AEN2244"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN2244"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[37]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ><P
- >Man pages written to <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache/man</TT
- > may
- eventually be transferred to the appropriate preformatted directories
- in the source <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man</TT
- > hierarchy or expired; likewise
- formatted man pages in the source <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man</TT
- > hierarchy
- may be expired if they are not accessed for a period of time.</P
- ><P
- >If preformatted manual pages come with a system on read-only
- media (a CD-ROM, for instance), they must be installed in the source
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man</TT
- > hierarchy
- (e.g. <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/man/cat<section></TT
- >).
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache/man</TT
- > is reserved as a writable cache
- for formatted manual pages.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >Release 1.2 of the standard specified
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/catman</TT
- > for this hierarchy. The path has
- been moved under <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache</TT
- > to better reflect the
- dynamic nature of the formatted man pages. The directory name has
- been changed to <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man</TT
- > to allow for enhancing the
- hierarchy to include post-processed formats other than "cat", such as
- PostScript, HTML, or DVI. </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARCRASHSYSTEMCRASHDUMPS"
- >/var/crash : System crash dumps (optional)</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE36"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >This directory holds system crash dumps. As of the date of this
- release of the standard, system crash dumps were not supported under
- Linux but may be supported by other systems which may comply with the
- FHS.</P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARGAMESVARIABLEGAMEDATA"
- >/var/games : Variable game data (optional)</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE37"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >Any variable data relating to games in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- >
- should be placed here. <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/games</TT
- > should hold
- the variable data previously found in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- >;
- static data, such as help text, level descriptions, and so on, must
- remain elsewhere, such as
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/games</TT
- >.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/games</TT
- > has been given a hierarchy of
- its own, rather than leaving it merged in with the old
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lib</TT
- > as in release 1.2. The separation
- allows local control of backup strategies, permissions, and disk
- usage, as well as allowing inter-host sharing and reducing clutter in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lib</TT
- >. Additionally,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/games</TT
- > is the path traditionally used by BSD. </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARLIBVARIABLESTATEINFORMATION"
- >/var/lib : Variable state information</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE38"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >This hierarchy holds state information pertaining to an
- application or the system. State information is data that programs
- modify while they run, and that pertains to one specific host. Users
- must never need to modify files in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lib</TT
- > to
- configure a package's operation.</P
- ><P
- >State information is generally used to preserve the condition of
- an application (or a group of inter-related applications) between
- invocations and between different instances of the same application.
- State information should generally remain valid after a reboot, should
- not be logging output, and should not be spooled data.</P
- ><P
- >An application (or a group of inter-related applications) must
- use a subdirectory of <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lib</TT
- > for its data.
- There is one required subdirectory,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lib/misc</TT
- >, which is intended for state files
- that don't need a subdirectory; the other subdirectories should only
- be present if the application in question is included in the
- distribution.
- <A
- NAME="AEN2295"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN2295"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[38]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lib/<name></TT
- > is the location that
- must be used for all distribution packaging support. Different
- distributions may use different names, of course.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="REQUIREMENTS13"
- >Requirements</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, are
- required in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lib</TT
- >:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN2305"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >misc</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Miscellaneous state data</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS23"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, must be in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lib</TT
- >, if the
- corresponding subsystem is installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN2320"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><editor></TD
- ><TD
- >Editor backup files and state (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><pkgtool></TD
- ><TD
- >Packaging support files (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><package></TD
- ><TD
- >State data for packages and subsystems (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >hwclock</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >State directory for hwclock (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >xdm</B
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >X display manager variable data (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARLIBLTEDITORGTEDITORBACKUPFILESAN"
- >/var/lib/<editor> : Editor backup files and state (optional)</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE39"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >These directories contain saved files generated by any
- unexpected termination of an editor (e.g., <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >elvis</B
- >,
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >jove</B
- >, <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >nvi</B
- >).</P
- ><P
- >Other editors may not require a directory for crash-recovery
- files, but may require a well-defined place to store other information
- while the editor is running. This information should be stored in a
- subdirectory under <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lib</TT
- > (for example, GNU
- Emacs would place lock files in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lib/emacs/lock</TT
- >).</P
- ><P
- >Future editors may require additional state information beyond
- crash-recovery files and lock files — this information should
- also be placed under
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lib/<editor></TT
- >.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >Previous Linux releases, as well as all commercial vendors, use
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/preserve</TT
- > for vi or its clones. However,
- each editor uses its own format for these crash-recovery files, so a
- separate directory is needed for each editor.</P
- ><P
- >Editor-specific lock files are usually quite different from the
- device or resource lock files that are stored in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lock</TT
- > and, hence, are stored under
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lib</TT
- >. </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARLIBHWCLOCKSTATEDIRECTORYFORHWCLO"
- >/var/lib/hwclock : State directory for hwclock (optional)</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE40"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >This directory contains the file
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lib/hwclock/adjtime</TT
- >.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >In FHS 2.1, this file was <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/adjtime</TT
- >, but
- as <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >hwclock</B
- > updates it, that was obviously
- incorrect. </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARLIBMISCMISCELLANEOUSVARIABLEDATA"
- >/var/lib/misc : Miscellaneous variable data</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE41"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >This directory contains variable data not placed in a
- subdirectory in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lib</TT
- >. An attempt should be
- made to use relatively unique names in this directory to avoid
- namespace conflicts.
- <A
- NAME="AEN2381"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN2381"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[39]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARLOCKLOCKFILES"
- >/var/lock : Lock files</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE42"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >Lock files should be stored within the
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lock</TT
- > directory structure.</P
- ><P
- >Lock files for devices and other resources shared by multiple
- applications, such as the serial device lock files that were
- originally found in either <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/spool/locks</TT
- > or
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/spool/uucp</TT
- >, must now be stored in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lock</TT
- >. The naming convention which must be
- used is "LCK.." followed by the base name of the device. For example,
- to lock /dev/ttyS0 the file "LCK..ttyS0" would be created.
- <A
- NAME="AEN2396"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN2396"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[40]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ><P
- >The format used for the contents of such lock files must be the
- HDB UUCP lock file format. The HDB format is to store the process
- identifier (PID) as a ten byte ASCII decimal number, with a trailing
- newline. For example, if process 1230 holds a lock file, it would
- contain the eleven characters: space, space, space, space, space,
- space, one, two, three, zero, and newline.</P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARLOGLOGFILESANDDIRECTORIES"
- >/var/log : Log files and directories</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE43"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >This directory contains miscellaneous log files. Most logs must
- be written to this directory or an appropriate subdirectory.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS24"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/log</TT
- >, if the corresponding subsystem is
- installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN2410"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >File</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >lastlog</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >record of last login of each user</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >messages</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >system messages from <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >syslogd</B
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >wtmp</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >record of all logins and logouts</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARMAILUSERMAILBOXFILES"
- >/var/mail : User mailbox files (optional)</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE44"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The mail spool must be accessible through
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/mail</TT
- > and the mail spool files must take the
- form <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><username></TT
- >.
- <A
- NAME="AEN2437"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN2437"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[41]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ><P
- >User mailbox files in this location must be stored in the standard
- UNIX mailbox format.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >The logical location for this directory was changed from
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/spool/mail</TT
- > in order to bring FHS in-line
- with nearly every UNIX implementation. This change is important for
- inter-operability since a single <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/mail</TT
- > is
- often shared between multiple hosts and multiple UNIX implementations
- (despite NFS locking issues).</P
- ><P
- >It is important to note that there is no requirement to
- physically move the mail spool to this location. However, programs
- and header files must be changed to use
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/mail</TT
- >. </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VAROPTVARIABLEDATAFOROPT"
- >/var/opt : Variable data for /opt</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE45"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >Variable data of the packages in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt</TT
- > must
- be installed in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/opt/<subdir></TT
- >, where
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><subdir></TT
- > is the name of the subtree in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt</TT
- > where the static data from an add-on
- software package is stored, except where superseded by another file in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- >. No structure is imposed on the internal
- arrangement of <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/opt/<subdir></TT
- >.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >Refer to the rationale for <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/opt</TT
- >. </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARRUNRUNTIMEVARIABLEDATA"
- >/var/run : Run-time variable data</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE46"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >This directory contains system information data describing the
- system since it was booted. Files under this directory must be
- cleared (removed or truncated as appropriate) at the beginning of the
- boot process. Programs may have a subdirectory of
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/run</TT
- >; this is encouraged for programs that
- use more than one run-time file.
- <A
- NAME="AEN2469"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN2469"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[42]</SPAN
- ></A
- >
- Process identifier (PID) files, which were originally placed in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- >, must be placed in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/run</TT
- >. The naming convention for PID files is
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><program-name>.pid</TT
- >. For example, the
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >crond</B
- > PID file is named
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/run/crond.pid</TT
- >.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="REQUIREMENTS14"
- >Requirements</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The internal format of PID files remains unchanged. The file
- must consist of the process identifier in ASCII-encoded decimal,
- followed by a newline character. For example, if
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >crond</B
- > was process number 25,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/run/crond.pid</TT
- > would contain three
- characters: two, five, and newline.</P
- ><P
- >Programs that read PID files should be somewhat flexible in what
- they accept; i.e., they should ignore extra whitespace, leading
- zeroes, absence of the trailing newline, or additional lines in the
- PID file. Programs that create PID files should use the simple
- specification located in the above paragraph.</P
- ><P
- >The <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >utmp</TT
- > file, which stores information
- about who is currently using the system, is located in this
- directory.</P
- ><P
- >System programs that maintain transient UNIX-domain sockets must place
- them in this directory.</P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARSPOOLAPPLICATIONSPOOLDATA"
- >/var/spool : Application spool data</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE47"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/spool</TT
- > contains data which is awaiting
- some kind of later processing. Data in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/spool</TT
- > represents work to be done in the
- future (by a program, user, or administrator); often data is deleted
- after it has been processed.
- <A
- NAME="AEN2493"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN2493"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[43]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS25"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The following directories, or symbolic links to directories,
- must be in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/spool</TT
- >, if the corresponding
- subsystem is installed:</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN2501"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >lpd</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Printer spool directory (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >mqueue</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Outgoing mail queue (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >news</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >News spool directory (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >rwho</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Rwhod files (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >uucp</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Spool directory for UUCP (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARSPOOLLPDLINEPRINTERDAEMONPRINTQU"
- >/var/spool/lpd : Line-printer daemon print queues (optional)</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE48"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >The lock file for <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >lpd</B
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >lpd.lock</TT
- >, must be placed in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/spool/lpd</TT
- >. It is suggested that the lock
- file for each printer be placed in the spool directory for that
- specific printer and named <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >lock</TT
- >.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SPECIFICOPTIONS26"
- >Specific Options</A
- ></H4
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN2539"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL><COL><THEAD
- ><TR
- ><TH
- >Directory</TH
- ><TH
- >Description</TH
- ></TR
- ></THEAD
- ><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >printer</TT
- ></TD
- ><TD
- >Spools for a specific printer (optional)</TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARSPOOLRWHORWHODFILES"
- >/var/spool/rwho : Rwhod files (optional)</A
- ></H3
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H4
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE49"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H4
- ><P
- >This directory holds the <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >rwhod</B
- > information
- for other systems on the local net.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >Some BSD releases use <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/rwho</TT
- > for this
- data; given its historical location in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/spool</TT
- >
- on other systems and its approximate fit to the definition of
- `spooled' data, this location was deemed more appropriate.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARTMPTEMPORARYFILESPRESERVEDBETWEE"
- >/var/tmp : Temporary files preserved between system reboots</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE50"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/tmp</TT
- > directory is made available
- for programs that require temporary files or directories that are
- preserved between system reboots. Therefore, data stored in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/tmp</TT
- > is more persistent than data in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/tmp</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- >Files and directories located in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/tmp</TT
- >
- must not be deleted when the system is booted. Although data stored
- in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/tmp</TT
- > is typically deleted in a
- site-specific manner, it is recommended that deletions occur at a less
- frequent interval than <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/tmp</TT
- >.</P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARYPNETWORKINFORMATIONSERVICE"
- >/var/yp : Network Information Service (NIS) database files (optional)</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PURPOSE51"
- >Purpose</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >Variable data for the Network Information Service (NIS),
- formerly known as the Sun Yellow Pages (YP), must be placed in this
- directory.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/yp</TT
- > is the standard directory for NIS
- (YP) data and is almost exclusively used in NIS documentation and
- systems.
- <A
- NAME="AEN2582"
- HREF="#FTN.AEN2582"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[44]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="CHAPTER"
- ><HR><H1
- ><A
- NAME="OPERATINGSYSTEMSPECIFICANNEX"
- ></A
- >Chapter 6. Operating System Specific Annex</H1
- ><P
- >This section is for additional requirements and recommendations
- that only apply to a specific operating system. The material in this
- section should never conflict with the base standard.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="LINUX"
- >Linux</A
- ></H2
- ><P
- >This is the annex for the Linux operating system.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="ROOTDIRECTORY"
- >/ : Root directory</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >On Linux systems, if the kernel is located in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/</TT
- >, we recommend using the names
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >vmlinux</TT
- > or <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >vmlinuz</TT
- >, which
- have been used in recent Linux kernel source packages.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="BINESSENTIALUSERCOMMANDBINARIES2"
- >/bin : Essential user command binaries (for use by all users)</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >Linux systems which require them place these additional files into
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/bin</TT
- >:</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- ><P
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >setserial</B
- ></P
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="DEVDEVICESANDSPECIALFILES"
- >/dev : Devices and special files</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The following devices must exist under /dev.
- <P
- ></P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
- ><DL
- ><DT
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/dev/null</TT
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><P
- >All data written to this device is discarded. A read from this device
- will return an EOF condition.</P
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/dev/zero</TT
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><P
- >This device is a source of zeroed out data. All data written to this
- device is discarded. A read from this device will return as many bytes
- containing the value zero as was requested.</P
- ></DD
- ><DT
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/dev/tty</TT
- ></DT
- ><DD
- ><P
- >This device is a synonym for the controlling terminal of a
- process. Once this device is opened, all reads and writes will behave
- as if the actual controlling terminal device had been opened.</P
- ></DD
- ></DL
- ></DIV
- >
- <DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >Previous versions of the FHS had stricter requirements for
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/dev</TT
- >. Other devices may also exist in
- /dev. Device names may exist as symbolic links to other device nodes
- located in /dev or subdirectories of /dev. There is no requirement
- concerning major/minor number values.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- > </P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="ETCHOSTSPECIFICSYSTEMCONFIGURATION2"
- >/etc : Host-specific system configuration</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >Linux systems which require them place these additional files into
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >lilo.conf</TT
- ></P
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="LIB64"
- >/lib64 and /lib32 : 64/32-bit libraries (architecture dependent)</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- > The 64-bit architectures PPC64, s390x, sparc64 and AMD64 must place
- 64-bit libraries in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib64</TT
- >, and 32-bit
- (or 31-bit on s390) libraries in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- >The 64-bit architecture IA64 must place 64-bit libraries in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib</TT
- >.
- <DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >This is a refinement of the general rules for
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib<qual></TT
- > and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib<qual></TT
- >. The architectures PPC64,
- s390x, sparc64 and AMD64 support support both 32-bit (for s390 more
- precise 31-bit) and 64-bit programs. Using <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >lib</TT
- >
- for 32-bit binaries allows existing binaries from the 32-bit systems
- to work without any changes: such binaries are expected to be numerous.
- IA-64 uses a different scheme, reflecting the deprecation of 32-bit
- binaries (and hence libraries) on that architecture.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="PROCKERNELANDPROCESSINFORMATIONVIR"
- >/proc : Kernel and process information virtual filesystem</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >The <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >proc</TT
- > filesystem is the de-facto
- standard Linux method for handling process and system information,
- rather than <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/dev/kmem</TT
- > and other similar methods.
- We strongly encourage this for the storage and retrieval of process
- information as well as other kernel and memory information.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SBINESSENTIALSYSTEMBINARIES"
- >/sbin : Essential system binaries</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >Linux systems place these additional files into <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/sbin</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >Second extended filesystem commands (optional):</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >badblocks</B
- ></P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >dumpe2fs</B
- ></P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >e2fsck</B
- ></P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >mke2fs</B
- ></P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >mklost+found</B
- ></P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >tune2fs</B
- ></P
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >Boot-loader map installer (optional):</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >lilo</B
- ></P
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ><P
- >Optional files for /sbin:</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >Static binaries:</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ldconfig</B
- ></P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >sln</B
- ></P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ssync</B
- ></P
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ><P
- >Static <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ln</B
- > (<B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >sln</B
- >) and
- static <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >sync</B
- > (<B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ssync</B
- >) are
- useful when things go wrong. The primary use of
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >sln</B
- > (to repair incorrect symlinks in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib</TT
- > after a poorly orchestrated upgrade) is no
- longer a major concern now that the <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ldconfig</B
- >
- program (usually located in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/sbin</TT
- >) exists and
- can act as a guiding hand in upgrading the dynamic libraries. Static
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >sync</B
- > is useful in some emergency situations.
- Note that these need not be statically linked versions of the standard
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ln</B
- > and <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >sync</B
- >, but may
- be.</P
- ><P
- >The <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ldconfig</B
- > binary is optional for
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/sbin</TT
- > since a site may choose to run
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ldconfig</B
- > at boot time, rather than only when
- upgrading the shared libraries. (It's not clear whether or not it is
- advantageous to run <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ldconfig</B
- > on each boot.) Even
- so, some people like <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ldconfig</B
- > around for the
- following (all too common) situation:</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><OL
- TYPE="1"
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >I've just removed <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib/<file></TT
- >.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >I can't find out the name of the library because <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ls</B
- > is
- dynamically linked, I'm using a shell that doesn't have <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ls</B
- >
- built-in, and I don't know about using "<B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >echo *</B
- >" as a
- replacement.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >I have a static <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >sln</B
- >, but I don't know what to call the link.</P
- ></LI
- ></OL
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >Miscellaneous:</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ctrlaltdel</B
- ></P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- ><B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >kbdrate</B
- ></P
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ><P
- >So as to cope with the fact that some keyboards come up with
- such a high repeat rate as to be unusable,
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >kbdrate</B
- > may be installed in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/sbin</TT
- > on some systems.</P
- ><P
- >Since the default action in the kernel for the Ctrl-Alt-Del key
- combination is an instant hard reboot, it is generally advisable to
- disable the behavior before mounting the root filesystem in read-write
- mode. Some <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >init</B
- > suites are able to disable
- Ctrl-Alt-Del, but others may require the
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ctrlaltdel</B
- > program, which may be installed in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/sbin</TT
- > on those systems.</P
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="USRINCLUDEHEADERFILESINCLUDEDBYCP"
- >/usr/include : Header files included by C programs</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >These symbolic links are required if a C or C++ compiler is
- installed and only for systems not based on glibc.</P
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
- WIDTH="100%"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><PRE
- CLASS="SCREEN"
- > /usr/include/asm -> /usr/src/linux/include/asm-<arch>
- /usr/include/linux -> /usr/src/linux/include/linux</PRE
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="USRSRCSOURCECODE2"
- >/usr/src : Source code</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >For systems based on glibc, there are no specific guidelines for
- this directory. For systems based on Linux libc revisions prior to
- glibc, the following guidelines and rationale apply:</P
- ><P
- >The only source code that should be placed in a specific
- location is the Linux kernel source code. It is located in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/src/linux</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- >If a C or C++ compiler is installed, but the complete Linux
- kernel source code is not installed, then the include files from the
- kernel source code must be located in these directories:</P
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
- WIDTH="100%"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ><PRE
- CLASS="SCREEN"
- > /usr/src/linux/include/asm-<arch>
- /usr/src/linux/include/linux</PRE
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- ><arch></TT
- > is the name of the system
- architecture.</P
- ><DIV
- CLASS="NOTE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="NOTE"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="/usr/share/sgml/docbook/stylesheet/dsssl/modular/images/note.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Note"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Note</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- > <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/src/linux</TT
- >
- may be a symbolic link to a kernel source code tree.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="TIP"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><TABLE
- CLASS="TIP"
- WIDTH="100%"
- BORDER="0"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- WIDTH="25"
- ALIGN="CENTER"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><IMG
- SRC="tip.gif"
- HSPACE="5"
- ALT="Tip"></TD
- ><TH
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="CENTER"
- ><B
- >Rationale</B
- ></TH
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- > </TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- ><P
- >It is important that the kernel include files be located in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/src/linux</TT
- > and not in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/include</TT
- > so there are no problems when system
- administrators upgrade their kernel version for the first time. </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H3
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="VARSPOOLCRONCRONANDATJOBS"
- >/var/spool/cron : cron and at jobs</A
- ></H3
- ><P
- >This directory contains the variable data for the
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >cron</B
- > and <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >at</B
- > programs.</P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="CHAPTER"
- ><HR><H1
- ><A
- NAME="APPENDIX"
- ></A
- >Chapter 7. Appendix</H1
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="THEFHSMAILINGLIST"
- >The FHS mailing list</A
- ></H2
- ><P
- >The FHS mailing list is located at
- <freestandards-fhs-discuss@lists.sourceforge.net>. You can
- subscribe to the mailing list at this page <A
- HREF="http://sourceforge.net/projects/freestandards/"
- TARGET="_top"
- >http://sourceforge.net/projects/freestandards/</A
- >.</P
- ><P
- >Thanks to Network Operations at the University of California at
- San Diego who allowed us to use their excellent mailing list
- server.</P
- ><P
- >As noted in the introduction, please do not send mail to the mailing
- list without first contacting the FHS editor or a listed contributor.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="BACKGROUNDOFTHEFHS"
- >Background of the FHS</A
- ></H2
- ><P
- >The process of developing a standard filesystem hierarchy began
- in August 1993 with an effort to restructure the file and directory
- structure of Linux. The FSSTND, a filesystem hierarchy standard
- specific to the Linux operating system, was released on February 14,
- 1994. Subsequent revisions were released on October 9, 1994 and March
- 28, 1995.</P
- ><P
- >In early 1995, the goal of developing a more comprehensive
- version of FSSTND to address not only Linux, but other UNIX-like
- systems was adopted with the help of members of the BSD development
- community. As a result, a concerted effort was made to focus on
- issues that were general to UNIX-like systems. In recognition of this
- widening of scope, the name of the standard was changed to Filesystem
- Hierarchy Standard or FHS for short.</P
- ><P
- >Volunteers who have contributed extensively to this standard are
- listed at the end of this document. This standard represents a
- consensus view of those and other contributors.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="GENERALGUIDELINES"
- >General Guidelines</A
- ></H2
- ><P
- >Here are some of the guidelines that have been used in the development
- of this standard:</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ><UL
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >Solve technical problems while limiting transitional difficulties.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >Make the specification reasonably stable.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >Gain the approval of distributors, developers, and other decision-makers
- in relevant development groups and encourage their participation.</P
- ></LI
- ><LI
- STYLE="list-style-type: disc"
- ><P
- >Provide a standard that is attractive to the implementors of different
- UNIX-like systems.</P
- ></LI
- ></UL
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="SCOPE"
- >Scope</A
- ></H2
- ><P
- >This document specifies a standard filesystem hierarchy for FHS
- filesystems by specifying the location of files and directories, and
- the contents of some system files.</P
- ><P
- >This standard has been designed to be used by system
- integrators, package developers, and system administrators in the
- construction and maintenance of FHS compliant filesystems. It is
- primarily intended to be a reference and is not a tutorial on how to
- manage a conforming filesystem hierarchy.</P
- ><P
- >The FHS grew out of earlier work on FSSTND, a filesystem
- organization standard for the Linux operating system. It builds on
- FSSTND to address interoperability issues not just in the Linux
- community but in a wider arena including 4.4BSD-based operating
- systems. It incorporates lessons learned in the BSD world and
- elsewhere about multi-architecture support and the demands of
- heterogeneous networking.</P
- ><P
- >Although this standard is more comprehensive than previous
- attempts at filesystem hierarchy standardization, periodic updates may
- become necessary as requirements change in relation to emerging
- technology. It is also possible that better solutions to the problems
- addressed here will be discovered so that our solutions will no longer
- be the best possible solutions. Supplementary drafts may be released
- in addition to periodic updates to this document. However, a specific
- goal is backwards compatibility from one release of this document to
- the next.</P
- ><P
- >Comments related to this standard are welcome. Any comments or
- suggestions for changes may be directed to the FHS editor (Daniel
- Quinlan <quinlan@pathname.com>) or the FHS mailing list.
- Typographical or grammatical comments should be directed to the FHS
- editor.</P
- ><P
- >Before sending mail to the mailing list it is requested that you
- first contact the FHS editor in order to avoid excessive re-discussion
- of old topics.</P
- ><P
- >Questions about how to interpret items in this document may
- occasionally arise. If you have need for a clarification, please
- contact the FHS editor. Since this standard represents a consensus of
- many participants, it is important to make certain that any
- interpretation also represents their collective opinion. For this
- reason it may not be possible to provide an immediate response unless
- the inquiry has been the subject of previous discussion.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
- >Acknowledgments</A
- ></H2
- ><P
- >The developers of the FHS wish to thank the developers, system
- administrators, and users whose input was essential to this standard.
- We wish to thank each of the contributors who helped to write,
- compile, and compose this standard.</P
- ><P
- >The FHS Group also wishes to thank those Linux developers who
- supported the FSSTND, the predecessor to this standard. If they
- hadn't demonstrated that the FSSTND was beneficial, the FHS could
- never have evolved.</P
- ></DIV
- ><DIV
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><HR><H2
- CLASS="SECTION"
- ><A
- NAME="CONTRIBUTORS"
- >Contributors</A
- ></H2
- ><DIV
- CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
- ><P
- ></P
- ><A
- NAME="AEN2813"
- ></A
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- FRAME="void"
- CLASS="CALSTABLE"
- ><COL
- WIDTH="1*"
- TITLE="C1"><COL
- WIDTH="1*"
- TITLE="C2"><TBODY
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Brandon S. Allbery</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><bsa@kf8nh.wariat.org></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Keith Bostic</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><bostic@cs.berkeley.edu></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Drew Eckhardt</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><drew@colorado.edu></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Rik Faith</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><faith@cs.unc.edu></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Stephen Harris</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><sweh@spuddy.mew.co.uk></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Ian Jackson</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><ijackson@cus.cam.ac.uk></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Andreas Jaeger</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><aj@suse.de></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >John A. Martin</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><jmartin@acm.org></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Ian McCloghrie</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><ian@ucsd.edu></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Chris Metcalf</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><metcalf@lcs.mit.edu></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Ian Murdock</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><imurdock@debian.org></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >David C. Niemi</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><niemidc@clark.net></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Daniel Quinlan</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><quinlan@pathname.com></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Eric S. Raymond</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><esr@thyrsus.com></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Rusty Russell</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><rusty@rustcorp.com.au></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Mike Sangrey</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><mike@sojurn.lns.pa.us></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >David H. Silber</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><dhs@glowworm.firefly.com></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Thomas Sippel-Dau</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><t.sippel-dau@ic.ac.uk></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Theodore Ts'o</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><tytso@athena.mit.edu></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Stephen Tweedie</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><sct@dcs.ed.ac.uk></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Fred N. van Kempen</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><waltje@infomagic.com></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Bernd Warken</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><bwarken@mayn.de></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- >Christopher Yeoh</TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- ><cyeoh@samba.org></TD
- ></TR
- ></TBODY
- ></TABLE
- ><P
- ></P
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ></DIV
- ><H3
- CLASS="FOOTNOTES"
- >Notes</H3
- ><TABLE
- BORDER="0"
- CLASS="FOOTNOTES"
- WIDTH="100%"
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN261"
- HREF="#AEN261"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[1]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >Command binaries that are not essential enough to place into
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/bin</TT
- > must be placed in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/bin</TT
- >, instead. Items that are required only
- by non-root users (the X Window System, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >chsh</TT
- >,
- etc.) are generally not essential enough to be placed into the root
- partition.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN493"
- HREF="#AEN493"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[2]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- > Programs necessary to arrange for the boot loader to be
- able to boot a file must be placed in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/sbin</TT
- >.
- Configuration files for boot loaders must be placed in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- >The GRUB bootloader reads its configurations file before
- booting, so that must be placed in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/boot</TT
- >. However, it is a
- configuration file, so should be in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- >. The answer here is a
- symbolic link such as <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/grub/menu.lst</TT
- > -> <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/boot/menu.lst</TT
- >.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN507"
- HREF="#AEN507"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[3]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >On some i386 machines, it may be necessary for
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/boot</TT
- > to be located on a separate partition
- located completely below cylinder 1024 of the boot device due to
- hardware constraints.</P
- ><P
- >Certain MIPS systems require a <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/boot</TT
- >
- partition that is a mounted MS-DOS filesystem or whatever other
- filesystem type is accessible for the firmware. This may result in
- restrictions with respect to usable filenames within
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/boot</TT
- > (only for affected systems).</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN534"
- HREF="#AEN534"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[4]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >The setup of command scripts invoked at boot time may resemble System
- V, BSD or other models. Further specification in this area may be
- added to a future version of this standard.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN540"
- HREF="#AEN540"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[5]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >It is recommended that files be stored in subdirectories of
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- > rather than directly in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- >.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN581"
- HREF="#AEN581"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[6]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >Systems that use the shadow password suite will have additional
- configuration files in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- >
- (<TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/shadow</TT
- > and others) and programs in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/sbin</TT
- > (<B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >useradd</B
- >,
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >usermod</B
- >, and others).</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN722"
- HREF="#AEN722"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[7]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >On some Linux systems, this may be a symbolic link to
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/proc/mounts</TT
- >, in which case this exception is not
- required.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN778"
- HREF="#AEN778"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[8]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/X11/xdm</TT
- > holds the configuration files for
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >xdm</TT
- >. These are most of the files previously
- found in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib/X11/xdm</TT
- >. Some local variable
- data for <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >xdm</TT
- > is stored in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lib/xdm</TT
- >.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN808"
- HREF="#AEN808"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[9]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >Different people prefer to place user accounts in a variety of places.
- This section describes only a suggested placement for user home
- directories; nevertheless we recommend that all FHS-compliant
- distributions use this as the default location for home
- directories.</P
- ><P
- >On small systems, each user's directory is typically one of the
- many subdirectories of <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/home</TT
- > such as
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/home/smith</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/home/torvalds</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/home/operator</TT
- >, etc. On large systems
- (especially when the <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/home</TT
- > directories are shared
- amongst many hosts using NFS) it is useful to subdivide user home
- directories. Subdivision may be accomplished by using subdirectories
- such as <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/home/staff</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/home/guests</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/home/students</TT
- >, etc.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN819"
- HREF="#AEN819"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[10]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >If you want to find out a user's home directory, you should use the
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >getpwent(3)</TT
- > library function rather than relying
- on <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/passwd</TT
- > because user information may be
- stored remotely using systems such as NIS.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN826"
- HREF="#AEN826"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[11]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >It is recommended that apart from autosave and lock files programs
- should refrain from creating non dot files or directories in a home
- directory without user intervention.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN836"
- HREF="#AEN836"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[12]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >Shared libraries that are only necessary for binaries in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > (such as any X Window binaries) must not be
- in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib</TT
- >. Only the shared libraries required to
- run binaries in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/bin</TT
- > and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/sbin</TT
- > may be here. In particular, the library
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >libm.so.*</TT
- > may also be placed in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib</TT
- > if it is not required by anything in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/bin</TT
- > or <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/sbin</TT
- >.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN866"
- HREF="#AEN866"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[13]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >The usual placement of this binary is <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/bin/cpp</TT
- >.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN890"
- HREF="#AEN890"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[14]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >This is commonly used for 64-bit or 32-bit support on
- systems which support multiple binary formats, but require libraries
- of the same name. In this case, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib32</TT
- > and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib64</TT
- > might be the library directories, and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib</TT
- > a symlink to one of them.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN900"
- HREF="#AEN900"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[15]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib<qual>/cpp</TT
- > is still permitted: this
- allows the case where <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib</TT
- > and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/lib<qual></TT
- > are the same (one is a symbolic
- link to the other). </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN947"
- HREF="#AEN947"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[16]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >A compliant implementation with two CDROM drives might have
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/media/cdrom0</TT
- > and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/media/cdrom1</TT
- > with
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/media/cdrom</TT
- > a symlink to either of these.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1037"
- HREF="#AEN1037"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[17]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >If the home directory of the root account is not
- stored on the root partition it will be necessary to make certain it
- will default to <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/</TT
- > if it can not be
- located.</P
- ><P
- >We recommend against using the root account for tasks that can be
- performed as an unprivileged user, and that it be used solely for system
- administration. For this reason, we recommend that subdirectories for
- mail and other applications not appear in the root account's home
- directory, and that mail for administration roles such as root,
- postmaster, and webmaster be forwarded to an appropriate user.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1051"
- HREF="#AEN1051"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[18]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >Originally, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/sbin</TT
- > binaries were kept in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- >. </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1058"
- HREF="#AEN1058"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[19]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >Deciding what things go into
- <SPAN
- CLASS="emphasis"
- ><I
- CLASS="EMPHASIS"
- >"sbin"</I
- ></SPAN
- > directories is simple: if a normal (not a
- system administrator) user will ever run it directly, then it must be
- placed in one of the <SPAN
- CLASS="emphasis"
- ><I
- CLASS="EMPHASIS"
- >"bin"</I
- ></SPAN
- > directories. Ordinary
- users should not have to place any of the <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >sbin</TT
- >
- directories in their path.</P
- ><P
- >For example, files such as <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >chfn</B
- > which users
- only occasionally use must still be placed in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/bin</TT
- >. <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >ping</B
- >, although it
- is absolutely necessary for root (network recovery and diagnosis) is
- often used by users and must live in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/bin</TT
- > for
- that reason.</P
- ><P
- >We recommend that users have read and execute permission for
- everything in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/sbin</TT
- > except, perhaps, certain
- setuid and setgid programs. The division between
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/bin</TT
- > and <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/sbin</TT
- > was not
- created for security reasons or to prevent users from seeing the
- operating system, but to provide a good partition between binaries
- that everyone uses and ones that are primarily used for administration
- tasks. There is no inherent security advantage in making
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/sbin</TT
- > off-limits for users. </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1192"
- HREF="#AEN1192"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[20]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >This is particularly important as these areas will often contain both
- files initially installed by the distributor, and those added by the
- administrator.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1299"
- HREF="#AEN1299"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[21]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >Examples of such configuration files include
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >Xconfig</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >XF86Config</TT
- >, or
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >system.twmrc</TT
- >)</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1389"
- HREF="#AEN1389"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[22]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- > Miscellaneous
- architecture-independent application-specific static files and
- subdirectories must be placed in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share</TT
- >.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1394"
- HREF="#AEN1394"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[23]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- > For example, the <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >perl5</TT
- > subdirectory for
- Perl 5 modules and libraries.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1402"
- HREF="#AEN1402"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[24]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >Some executable commands such as <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >makewhatis</B
- > and
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >sendmail</B
- > have also been traditionally placed in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib</TT
- >. <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >makewhatis</B
- > is an
- internal binary and must be placed in a binary directory; users access
- only <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >catman</B
- >. Newer <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >sendmail</B
- >
- binaries are now placed by default in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/sbin</TT
- >.
- Additionally, systems using a <SPAN
- CLASS="emphasis"
- ><I
- CLASS="EMPHASIS"
- >sendmail</I
- ></SPAN
- >-compatible
- mail transfer agent must provide
- <B
- CLASS="COMMAND"
- >/usr/sbin/sendmail</B
- > as a symbolic link to the
- appropriate executable. </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1418"
- HREF="#AEN1418"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[25]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >Host-specific data for the X Window System must not be stored in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib/X11</TT
- >. Host-specific configuration files
- such as <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >Xconfig</TT
- > or
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >XF86Config</TT
- > must be stored in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc/X11</TT
- >. This includes configuration data such
- as <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >system.twmrc</TT
- > even if it is only made a
- symbolic link to a more global configuration file (probably in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/X11R6/lib/X11</TT
- >).</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1435"
- HREF="#AEN1435"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[26]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >The case where <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib</TT
- > and <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib<qual></TT
- > are the
- same (one is a symbolic link to the other) these files and the
- per-application subdirectories will exist.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1450"
- HREF="#AEN1450"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[27]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >Software placed in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/</TT
- > or
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- > may be overwritten by system upgrades
- (though we recommend that distributions do not overwrite data in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/etc</TT
- > under these circumstances). For this
- reason, local software must not be placed outside of
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local</TT
- > without good reason.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1530"
- HREF="#AEN1530"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[28]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local/man</TT
- > may be deprecated in future FHS
- releases, so if all else is equal, making that one a symlink seems
- sensible.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1540"
- HREF="#AEN1540"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[29]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >Locally installed system administration programs should be placed in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local/sbin</TT
- >.</P
- ><P
- ></P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1550"
- HREF="#AEN1550"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[30]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >Much of this data originally lived in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr</TT
- >
- (<TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >man</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >doc</TT
- >) or
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/lib</TT
- > (<TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >dict</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >terminfo</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >zoneinfo</TT
- >).</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1701"
- HREF="#AEN1701"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[31]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >Obviously, there are no manual pages in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/</TT
- >
- because they are not required at boot time nor are they required in
- emergencies. Really.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1741"
- HREF="#AEN1741"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[32]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >For example, if <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local/man</TT
- >
- has no manual pages in section 4 (Devices), then
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/local/man/man4</TT
- > may be omitted.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1797"
- HREF="#AEN1797"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[33]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- > A major exception to this rule is the
- United Kingdom, which is `GB' in the ISO 3166, but `UK' for most email
- addresses.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN1944"
- HREF="#AEN1944"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[34]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >Some such files include:
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >airport</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- > birthtoken</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >eqnchar</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- > getopt</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >gprof.callg</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- > gprof.flat</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >inter.phone</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- > ipfw.samp.filters</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- > ipfw.samp.scripts</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >keycap.pcvt</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- > mail.help</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >mail.tildehelp</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- > man.template</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >map3270</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- > mdoc.template</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >more.help</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- > na.phone</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >nslookup.help</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- > operator</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >scsi_modes</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- > sendmail.hf</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >style</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- > units.lib</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >vgrindefs</TT
- >, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- > vgrindefs.db</TT
- >,
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >zipcodes</TT
- > </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN2042"
- HREF="#AEN2042"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[35]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >Generally, source should not be built within this hierarchy.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN2209"
- HREF="#AEN2209"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[36]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >This standard does not currently incorporate the TeX Directory
- Structure (a document that describes the layout TeX files and
- directories), but it may be useful reading. It is located at
- <A
- HREF="ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex/"
- TARGET="_top"
- >ftp://ctan.tug.org/tex/</A
- ></P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN2244"
- HREF="#AEN2244"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[37]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >For example, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/share/man/man1/ls.1</TT
- > is
- formatted into <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache/man/cat1/ls.1</TT
- >, and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/usr/X11R6/man/<locale>/man3/XtClass.3x</TT
- > into
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/cache/man/X11R6/<locale>/cat3/XtClass.3x</TT
- >.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN2295"
- HREF="#AEN2295"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[38]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >An important difference between this version of this standard and
- previous ones is that applications are now required to use a
- subdirectory of <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lib</TT
- >. </P
- ><P
- ></P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN2381"
- HREF="#AEN2381"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[39]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >This hierarchy should contain files stored in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/db</TT
- > in current BSD releases. These include
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >locate.database</TT
- > and
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >mountdtab</TT
- >, and the kernel symbol database(s).</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN2396"
- HREF="#AEN2396"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[40]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >Then, anything wishing to use <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/dev/ttyS0</TT
- >
- can read the lock file and act accordingly (all locks in
- <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lock</TT
- > should be world-readable).</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN2437"
- HREF="#AEN2437"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[41]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >Note that <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/mail</TT
- > may be a symbolic link to
- another directory.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN2469"
- HREF="#AEN2469"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[42]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- ><TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/run</TT
- > should be unwritable for unprivileged
- users (root or users running daemons); it is a major security problem
- if any user can write in this directory.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN2493"
- HREF="#AEN2493"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[43]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >UUCP lock files must be placed in <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lock</TT
- >. See
- the above section on <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/lock</TT
- >. </P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ><TR
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="5%"
- ><A
- NAME="FTN.AEN2582"
- HREF="#AEN2582"
- ><SPAN
- CLASS="footnote"
- >[44]</SPAN
- ></A
- ></TD
- ><TD
- ALIGN="LEFT"
- VALIGN="TOP"
- WIDTH="95%"
- ><P
- >NIS should not be confused with Sun NIS+, which uses a different
- directory, <TT
- CLASS="FILENAME"
- >/var/nis</TT
- >.</P
- ></TD
- ></TR
- ></TABLE
- ></BODY
- ></HTML
- >
|
