
phoneme t2   // [t] which doesn't reduce
  vcd alv stp
  ChangePhoneme(t)
endphoneme


phoneme t#    // reduced [t] as in "city" in en-us
  vcd alv stp
  ChangePhoneme(t)
endphoneme


phoneme d#    // change to [d] or [t] depending on whether previous phoneme is voiced
  vls alv stp
  IF prevPh(isVoiced) THEN
    ChangePhoneme(d)
  ELSE
    ChangePhoneme(t)
  ENDIF
endphoneme


phoneme z#    // change to [z] or [s] depending on whether previous phoneme is voiced
  vls alv frc sib
  IF prevPh(isVoiced) THEN
    ChangePhoneme(z)
  ELSE
    ChangePhoneme(s)
  ENDIF
endphoneme



phoneme l      // use dark [l/2] before not-vowel
  liquid
  lengthmod 7

  IF NOT nextPhW(isVowel) THEN
    IF prevPh(isVowel) OR prevPh(j) OR prevPh(w) THEN
      ChangePhoneme(l/2)
    ELSE
      ChangePhoneme(l/)
    ENDIF
  ENDIF

  CALL base1/l
endphoneme


phoneme r-   // linking r, used in English between certain vowels and a following vowel
  liquid rhotic
  ipa ɹ
  
  IF NOT thisPh(isWordEnd) AND NOT prevPh(@) AND NOT prevPh(3) THEN
    ChangePhoneme(r)
  ENDIF
  
  lengthmod 0

  NextVowelStarts
    VowelStart(r2/r2@)
    VowelStart(r2/r2a)
    VowelStart(r2/r2e)
    VowelStart(r2/r2i)
    VowelStart(r2/r2o)
    VowelStart(r2/r2u)
  EndSwitch

  IF prevPh(isVowel) THEN
    VowelEnding(r/xr, -60)
  ENDIF

  FMT(r/r)
endphoneme


phoneme z/2    // used for 's suffix
  vcd alv frc sib
  lengthmod 6
  IF prevPh(isSibilant) THEN
    InsertPhoneme(I2)
  ENDIF

  IF NOT prevPh(isVoiced) THEN
    ChangePhoneme(s)
  ENDIF
  ChangePhoneme(z)
endphoneme


phoneme w#
  vls glt apr  // [h]
  ipa ʍ
  
  IF nextPh(isVowel) THEN
    NextVowelStarts
      VowelStart(w/w@)
      VowelStart(w/wa)
      VowelStart(w/we)
      VowelStart(w/wi)
      VowelStart(w/wo)
      VowelStart(w/wu)
    EndSwitch
  ENDIF

  WAV(h/hu, 70)
endphoneme


phoneme n
  vcd alv nas
  ipa n
  IF nextPh(isVelar) THEN // /n/ is velarized to /N/ when before velar stops
    ChangePhoneme(N)
  ENDIF
  CALL base1/n
endphoneme


//*******************************************************************
// VOWELS
//*******************************************************************

phoneme @
  vwl   starttype #@  endtype #@
  unstressed
  length 140
  IfNextVowelAppend(r-)
  IF thisPh(isWordEnd) THEN
    FMT(vowel/@_6, 90)
  ENDIF
  FMT(vowel/@)
endphoneme


phoneme 3
  CALL @
  ipa ə
endphoneme


phoneme @2   //  Schwa, changes to I before a vowel. th**e**, used only for "the".
  vwl  starttype #@  endtype #@
  unstressed
  length 120
  IF nextPh(isVowel) THEN
    ChangePhoneme(I2)
  ENDIF
  ChangePhoneme(@)
endphoneme


phoneme @5   //  Schwa, changes to U before a vowel. t**o**, used only for "to".
  vwl  starttype #@  endtype #@
  unstressed
  length 140
  IF nextPh(isVowel) OR nextPh(isPause) THEN
    ChangePhoneme(U)
  ENDIF
  ChangePhoneme(@)
endphoneme


phoneme @L // simp**le**
  vwl  starttype #@  endtype l
  ipa ə|l
  unstressed
  length 160
  CALL vowelstart_l
  FMT(vwl_en/@L)
endphoneme


phoneme a
  vwl  starttype #a  endtype #a
  length 160
  ChangeIfDiminished(a#)
  IF thisPh(isUnstressed) THEN
    FMT(vowel/a_8)
  ENDIF
  FMT(vowel/a)
endphoneme


phoneme a2  // don't reduce to a#
  vwl
  ChangePhoneme(a)
endphoneme


phoneme a# // **a**bout. This may be \[@\] or may be a more open schwa.
  vwl  starttype #@  endtype #@
  ipa ɐ
  unstressed
  length 150
  
  IF NOT thisPh(isUnstressed) THEN
    ChangePhoneme(a)          // syllable has an explicit stress
  ENDIF

  FMT(vowel/a#_3)
endphoneme


phoneme aa
  vwl  starttype #a  endtype #a
  ipa a
  length 200
  
  IF MbrolaSynth THEN
    ChangePhoneme(A:)
  ENDIF

  IfNextVowelAppend(r-)
  FMT(vowel/a_6, 88)
endphoneme


phoneme E
  vwl  starttype #e  endtype #e
  length 140
  IF nextPhW(n) THEN
    ChangeIfDiminished(@)
  ELSE
    ChangeIfDiminished(I2)
  ENDIF
  FMT(vowel/ee_5)
endphoneme


phoneme E#    // [@] in unstressed syllables, if next vowel is stressed
  vwl  starttype #e  endtype #e

  IF thisPh(isUnstressed) AND nextVowel(isVowel) AND nextVowel(isStressed) THEN
    ChangePhoneme(@)
  ENDIF

  ChangePhoneme(E)
endphoneme


phoneme E2  // does not reduce in unstressed syllables
  vwl  starttype #e  endtype #e
  length 140
  ChangePhoneme(E)  // a second change ([E]  to [I2]) won't happen
endphoneme



phoneme I
  vwl  starttype #i  endtype #i
  length 130
  IfNextVowelAppend(;)
  FMT(vowel/ii_2)
endphoneme


phoneme I2 // **i**ntend. As \[I\], but also indicates an unstressed syllable.
  vwl  starttype #i  endtype #i
  unstressed
  length 130
  
  IF MbrolaSynth THEN
    ChangePhoneme(I)
  ENDIF

  IfNextVowelAppend(;)
  
  IF thisPh(isAfterStress) AND thisPh(isFinalVowel) THEN
    FMT(vowel/ii#_3)
  ENDIF
  FMT(vowel/ii_4)
endphoneme


phoneme I#   // used for [I] which may be [@] in some accents
  vwl  starttype #i  endtype #i
  unstressed
  length 130
  
  IF MbrolaSynth THEN
    ChangePhoneme(I)
  ENDIF

  IfNextVowelAppend(;)
  ChangePhoneme(I2)
endphoneme


phoneme i
  vwl  starttype #i  endtype #i
  unstressed
  ipa i
  length 150
  IfNextVowelAppend(;)
  
//  IF NOT thisPh(isFinalVowel) THEN
//    ChangePhoneme(I)
//  ENDIF
  
  FMT(vowel/ii_7)
endphoneme


phoneme 0
  vwl  starttype #o  endtype #o
  length 140
  ChangeIfDiminished(@)
  FMT(vowel/0)
endphoneme


phoneme 0#    // [@] in unstressed syllables
  vwl  starttype #o  endtype #o

  IF thisPh(isUnstressed) AND nextVowel(isVowel) AND NOT nextVowel(isUnstressed) THEN
    ChangePhoneme(@)
  ENDIF

  ChangePhoneme(0)
endphoneme


phoneme 02   // becomes V in en-us
  vwl  starttype #o  endtype #o
  length 140
  ChangePhoneme(0)
endphoneme


phoneme O2
  vwl  starttype #o  endtype #o
  length 140
  ChangePhoneme(0)
endphoneme


phoneme V
  vwl  starttype #a  endtype #@
  length 140

  ChangeIfDiminished(@)
  FMT(vowel/V_2)
endphoneme


phoneme U
  vwl  starttype #o  endtype #o
  length 150
  
  IF prevPhW(j) THEN
    length 130
    FMT(vowel/8_2)
  ENDIF

  FMT(vowel/uu)
endphoneme



phoneme A:
  vwl  starttype #a  endtype #a
  length 230
  IfNextVowelAppend(r-)
  FMT(vowel/aa_2)
endphoneme


phoneme A@
  vwl  starttype #a  endtype #a
  ipa ɑː
  length 230
  IfNextVowelAppend(r-)
  FMT(vowel/aa_2)
endphoneme


phoneme A#    // [a] in British [A:] in American
  vwl  starttype #a  endtype #a
  ChangePhoneme(a)
endphoneme




phoneme 3:
  vwl  starttype #@  endtype #@
  length 210
  IfNextVowelAppend(r-)
  ChangeIfDiminished(@)
  FMT(vowel/3_en)
endphoneme


phoneme i:
  vwl  starttype #i  endtype #i
  length 175
  IfNextVowelAppend(;)
  IF prevPh(w) THEN
    VowelStart(w/wi2)
  ENDIF
  FMT(vowel/i_en)
endphoneme


phoneme O:
  vwl  starttype #o  endtype #o
  length 230
  ChangeIfDiminished(@)
  FMT(vowel/oo_en)
endphoneme


phoneme O
  vwl  starttype #o  endtype #o
  length 200
  ChangeIfDiminished(@)
  FMT(vowel/oo_en)
endphoneme


phoneme O@
  vwl  starttype #o  endtype #o
  ipa ɔː
  length 240
  IfNextVowelAppend(r-)
  FMT(vowel/oo_en)
endphoneme


phoneme o@
  vwl  starttype #o  endtype #o
  ipa ɔː
  length 250
  
  IF MbrolaSynth THEN
    ChangePhoneme(O@)
  ENDIF

  IfNextVowelAppend(r-)
  FMT(vowel/oo_en)
endphoneme


phoneme u:
  vwl  starttype #u  endtype #u
  length 210
  IF nextPh(l/2) THEN
    FMT(vwl_en/u_L)
  ENDIF
  IF prevPhW(j) AND NOT thisPh(isWordEnd) THEN
    length 160
  ENDIF
  FMT(vdiph2/uw_2)
endphoneme


phoneme aU
  vwl  starttype #a  endtype #u
  length 230
  FMT(vdiph/au)
endphoneme


phoneme oU
  vwl  starttype #@  endtype #u
  ipa əʊ
  length 220
  FMT(vdiph/@u_en)
endphoneme


phoneme oU#
  vwl
  IF thisPh(isStressed) THEN
    ChangePhoneme(0)
  ENDIF
  
  IF nextVowel(isStressed) OR prevVowel(isStressed) THEN
    ChangePhoneme(@)
  ENDIF
  
  ChangePhoneme(oU)
endphoneme


phoneme aI
  vwl  starttype #a  endtype #i
  length 240
  IF nextPh(#a) THEN
    AppendPhoneme(;)
  ENDIF
  FMT(vdiph/ai_2)
endphoneme


phoneme eI
  vwl  starttype #e  endtype #i
  length 210
  FMT(vdiph/eei)
endphoneme


phoneme OI
  vwl  starttype #o  endtype #i
  length 230
  FMT(vdiph/ooi)
endphoneme


phoneme e@
  vwl  starttype #e  endtype #@
  length 230
  IfNextVowelAppend(r-)
  FMT(vowel/ee_1)
endphoneme


phoneme i@
  vwl  starttype #i  endtype #@
  length 250
  IfNextVowelAppend(r-)
  FMT(vdiph2/ii@)
endphoneme


phoneme i@3
  vwl  starttype #i  endtype #@
  length 250
  
  IF MbrolaSynth THEN
    ChangePhoneme(i@)
  ENDIF

  IfNextVowelAppend(r-)
  FMT(vdiph2/ii@)
endphoneme


phoneme U@
  vwl  starttype #u  endtype #@
  length 200
  IfNextVowelAppend(r-)
  IF thisPh(isUnstressed) THEN
    FMT(vdiph2/8@)
  ENDIF
  FMT(vdiph2/uu@)
endphoneme


phoneme aI@ // sc**ie**nce
  vwl  starttype #a  endtype #@
  length 280
  IfNextVowelAppend(r-)
  FMT(vwl_en/aI@)
endphoneme


phoneme aI3
  vwl  starttype #a  endtype #@
  length 280
  ChangePhoneme(aI@)
endphoneme


phoneme aU@ // h**our**
  vwl  starttype #a   endtype #@
  length 280
  IfNextVowelAppend(r-)
  FMT(vwl_en/aU@)
endphoneme




phoneme IR        // used for "ir" when [3:] is split (Scottish)
  vwl  starttype #@  endtype #@
  length 190
  ipa əɹ
  IF nextPhW(r-) THEN
    ipa ə
  ENDIF
  IfNextVowelAppend(r-)
  FMT(vowelr/V_r)
endphoneme


phoneme VR        // used for "or"/"ur" when [3:] is split (Scottish)
  vwl  starttype #@  endtype #@
  length 210
  ipa ʌɹ
  IF nextPhW(r-) THEN
    ipa ʌ
  ENDIF
  IfNextVowelAppend(r-)
  FMT(vowelr/V3_r)
endphoneme


phoneme o:
  vwl  starttype #o  endtype #o
  length 220
  FMT(vowel/o)
endphoneme


phoneme A~
  vwl  starttype #a endtype #a
  length 260
  FMT(vnasal/aa_n2)
endphoneme


phoneme O~
  vwl  starttype #o  endtype #o
  length 240
  FMT(vnasal/oo_n2)
endphoneme


phoneme e:
  vwl  starttype #e  endtype #e
  length 210
  FMT(vowel/e)
endphoneme


phoneme e# // **E**XPLORE
  vwl
  ChangePhoneme(E)
endphoneme


phoneme a#2  // for word 'an'
  vwl
  IF next2Ph(isVowel) THEN
    ChangePhoneme(a#)
  ELSE
    ChangePhoneme(a)
  ENDIF
endphoneme


phoneme @#   // TEST: [@] which is slightly more 'front'
  vwl  starttype #i  endtype #i
  unstressed
  length 130
  FMT(vowel/@_3)
endphoneme

